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Ikhanda : an ethno-historical archaeological investigation of Nguni military homesteads between the Mfolozi and Tugela Rivers, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria,2015.
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
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University of Pretoria
2015
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| _version_ | 1867613589909536768 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author2 | Pikirayi, Innocent |
| author_browse | Pikirayi, Innocent |
| author_facet | Pikirayi, Innocent |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | © 2015 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. |
| description | Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria,2015. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/43761 |
| institution | University of Pretoria (South Africa) |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:38:33.603Z |
| license_str | Other — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from UPSpace — University of Pretoria Institutional Repository |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateRange | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | University of Pretoria |
| publisherStr | University of Pretoria |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | UPSpace — University of Pretoria Institutional Repository |
| spelling | oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/43761 Ikhanda : an ethno-historical archaeological investigation of Nguni military homesteads between the Mfolozi and Tugela Rivers, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa Pikirayi, Innocent Van der Merwe, Renier Hendrik Archaeology Ikhanda Amabatho Nguni Settlement Patterns Central Cattle Pattern (CCP) UCTD Humanities theses SDG-04 SDG-04: Quality education Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria,2015. The 19th century saw great changes occurring in the political organisation as well as the demographical distribution of the people living within southern Africa. These changes would lead to the creation of the ikhanda (plural amakhanda) settlement form which was unique in both its organisation and demographic composition. In recent years there has been a renewed interest in the study of settlements within southern Africa, with the main settlement model, the Central Cattle Pattern (CCP) coming under continued criticism. The aim of this study was to create a structural model for the organisation of an ikhanda settlement by drawing from ethnographic, historical and archaeological sources. This model was then compared with homesteads (imizi) within Kwa-Zulu Natal in order to determine whether an ikhanda can be distinguished from an umuzi, archaeologically. This study identified a number of differences which would potentially enable archaeologists to distinguish between amakhanda and other settlements. This model indicated that an ikhanda was organised into three structural sections namely the central enclosure, regimental housing and isigodlo; each of which was used for very specific purposes. Additionally, this study was able to identify and explain the functionality of previously unexplained features observed in the original excavations at uMgungundlovu. Despite sharing many similarities with settlements constructed according to the CCP model, the ikhanda’s unique organisation and function illustrate the limitations of using the CCP model as an umbrella term for all southern African settlements. The simultaneous existence of CCP-based imizi alongside amakhanda undermines the static nature that southern African settlements are believed to have had; indicating that superficial physical appearances may actually hide significant social, demographic and structural differences. Anthropology and Archaeology Unrestricted 2015-02-23T10:09:39Z 2015-02-23T10:09:39Z 2015-04 2015 Dissertation Van der Merwe, RH 2015. Ikhanda : An ethno-historical archaeological investigation of Nguni military homesteads between the Mfolozi and Tugela Rivers, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa MA dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Viewed yymmdd <http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43761> A2015 http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43761 en © 2015 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. application/pdf University of Pretoria |
| spellingShingle | Archaeology Ikhanda Amabatho Nguni Settlement Patterns Central Cattle Pattern (CCP) UCTD Humanities theses SDG-04 SDG-04: Quality education Ikhanda : an ethno-historical archaeological investigation of Nguni military homesteads between the Mfolozi and Tugela Rivers, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa |
| title | Ikhanda : an ethno-historical archaeological investigation of Nguni military homesteads between the Mfolozi and Tugela Rivers, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa |
| title_full | Ikhanda : an ethno-historical archaeological investigation of Nguni military homesteads between the Mfolozi and Tugela Rivers, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa |
| title_fullStr | Ikhanda : an ethno-historical archaeological investigation of Nguni military homesteads between the Mfolozi and Tugela Rivers, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ikhanda : an ethno-historical archaeological investigation of Nguni military homesteads between the Mfolozi and Tugela Rivers, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa |
| title_short | Ikhanda : an ethno-historical archaeological investigation of Nguni military homesteads between the Mfolozi and Tugela Rivers, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa |
| title_sort | ikhanda an ethno historical archaeological investigation of nguni military homesteads between the mfolozi and tugela rivers kwa zulu natal south africa |
| topic | Archaeology Ikhanda Amabatho Nguni Settlement Patterns Central Cattle Pattern (CCP) UCTD Humanities theses SDG-04 SDG-04: Quality education |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43761 |