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Rheological Behaviour and Characterisation of Pitch-Based Carbon Precursors
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
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University of Pretoria
2015
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| _version_ | 1867613647043297280 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author2 | Rand, Brian |
| author_browse | Rand, Brian |
| author_facet | Rand, Brian |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | © 2015 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. |
| description | Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/46244 |
| institution | University of Pretoria (South Africa) |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:39:27.772Z |
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| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from UPSpace — University of Pretoria Institutional Repository |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateRange | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | University of Pretoria |
| publisherStr | University of Pretoria |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | UPSpace — University of Pretoria Institutional Repository |
| spelling | oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/46244 Rheological Behaviour and Characterisation of Pitch-Based Carbon Precursors Rand, Brian Focke, Walter Wilhelm Ramjee, Shatish UCTD Lurgi-Gasi er Mesophase Coal-tar Oscillation Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-07 Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-09 Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-12 Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015. Pitch material is an important precursor in the production of carbon bre, carbon composites and synthetic graphite. It has a complex transformation during pyrolysis which incorporates the separation of a liquid crystalline phase, known as mesophase. This thesis attempts to enhance the understanding of this change in composition, structure and its resultant behaviour. In this study, two pitches, a coal-tar pitch (MP110) and a (SASOL) Lurgi-gasi er pitch, are pyrolised to produce material at di erent stages of mesophase development. These pitches produce mesophase of di erent mosaic type and therefore also resultant coke. The MP110 was thermally treated up to a temperature of 437 and produced anisotropic pitch (which still contains signi cant particulate matter). The nucleated mesophase spheres did not coalesce to produce domains; this behaviour being attributed to the particulate material. The SASOL pitch produced a di erent type of mesophase material. The mesophase produced was of ne mosaic domains; a sample with continuous mesophase regions was also produced with a mesophase content of approximately 60% (by volume). The aromatic starting material of MP110 produced higher quinolone and toluene insoluble (QI and TI) compounds after pyrolysis. This was also observed in the increase of C/H (molar ratio of carbon to hydrogen). The more aliphatic SASOL starting pitch showed similar trends to its MP110 counterparts with respect to QI (quinoline insolubles), TI (toluene insolubles) and C/H. The glass transition and associated temperatures of the pitches were analysed via thermal mechanical analysis (TMA), dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The techniques showed consistency between instruments, with TMA providing the likeliest re ection of the true thermodynamic glass transition temperature. The loss of volatile components was accompanied by an increase in glass transition temperature (observed in conjunction with C/H and mesophase content). For anisotropic MP110 pitches, two relaxations were observed, one for the isotropic fraction, the other for the mesophase. No such behaviour was easily observed for the SASOL pitches. Rheological measurements were obtained to understand the behaviour of the pitches. Measurements were limited to a speci c viscosity range. The measurements of the samples were therefore made at di erent temperatures. The relation of the measurement temperature to the glass transition temperature is thus of extreme importance. The temperature governs the state of the structure; whether it be suspension, emulsion or gel. Oscillatory shear experiments were undertaken for the pitch material. Predominantly isotropic material showed transition from viscoelastic solid to viscoelastic liquid as previously observed in pitch material. The anisotropic MP110 pitches did not allow for the production of mastercurves due to non-linear viscoelastic e ects caused by the softening of mesophase. This being the transition from a suspension of hard spheres to an emulsion of deformable droplets (depending on temperature). For the higher mesophase content anisotropic SASOL pitches, mastercurves were produced; it had a similar shape to the isotropic pitches (at temperatures closer to the glass transition), but signi cantly increased elasticity was observed at higher temperatures. This phenomenon supported the hypothesis of a strong interaction between the components and phases of the pitch, and thus the possibility of gelled systems. Rotational shear-rheometry was also utilised and showed that isotropic pitch material behaves as a predominantly isoviscous uid. The anisotropic MP110 pitches of approximately 30% mesophase showed high- and low-shear viscosity plateau uid behaviour. This being caused by the breakup of agglomerated mesophase spheres. This was tested by the implementation of the Krieger- Dougherty suspension model. The possibility of droplet deformation was investigated for these samples by utilising a Krieger-Douherty based emulsion analogue, which con- rmed suspension like behaviour (at the measured temperatures). MP110 samples with more mesophase were measured at higher temperatures. Their behaviour is more akin to Power-law shear-thinning behaviour. Being further away from the continuous isotropic phase glass transition temperature, the behaviour observed is similar to that of emulsions. SASOL anisotropic pitches showed signi cant yielding upon shear, which is attributed to structure breakdown. This behaviour is appropriately described by a yield stress, shearthinning model such as Herschel-Bulkley. Measurements of viscosity for these samples were made at temperatures signi cantly further from the glass transition temperature as compared to that of the MP110 pitches. This corroborates strong interaction between its components. The observed shapes of the curve, at temperatures of measurement, support the notion of a gel structure. This behaviour is rst proposed via the complex structure observed (clusters of ne mosaic mesophase domains) and supported by strong interaction of the components inferred from obtained rheological properties. tm2015 mi2026 Chemical Engineering PhD Unrestricted SDG-07: Affordable and clean energy SDG-09: Industry, innovation and infrastructure SDG-12: Responsible consumption and production 2015-07-02T11:08:26Z 2015-07-02T11:08:26Z 2015/04/14 2015 Thesis Ramjee, S 2015, Rheological Behaviour and Characterisation of Pitch-Based Carbon Precursors, PhD Thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd <http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46244> A2015 http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46244 en © 2015 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. application/pdf University of Pretoria |
| spellingShingle | UCTD Lurgi-Gasi er Mesophase Coal-tar Oscillation Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-07 Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-09 Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-12 Rheological Behaviour and Characterisation of Pitch-Based Carbon Precursors |
| title | Rheological Behaviour and Characterisation of Pitch-Based Carbon Precursors |
| title_full | Rheological Behaviour and Characterisation of Pitch-Based Carbon Precursors |
| title_fullStr | Rheological Behaviour and Characterisation of Pitch-Based Carbon Precursors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rheological Behaviour and Characterisation of Pitch-Based Carbon Precursors |
| title_short | Rheological Behaviour and Characterisation of Pitch-Based Carbon Precursors |
| title_sort | rheological behaviour and characterisation of pitch based carbon precursors |
| topic | UCTD Lurgi-Gasi er Mesophase Coal-tar Oscillation Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-07 Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-09 Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-12 |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46244 |