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The microstructure and properties of autogenous gas tungsten arc and laser welds in type 441 ferritic stainless steel
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
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University of Pretoria
2016
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| _version_ | 1867613451791106048 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author2 | Pistorius, Pieter Georg Hendrik |
| author_browse | Pistorius, Pieter Georg Hendrik |
| author_facet | Pistorius, Pieter Georg Hendrik |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | © 2016 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. |
| description | Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2015. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/57206 |
| institution | University of Pretoria (South Africa) |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:36:21.928Z |
| license_str | Other — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from UPSpace — University of Pretoria Institutional Repository |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateRange | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | University of Pretoria |
| publisherStr | University of Pretoria |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | UPSpace — University of Pretoria Institutional Repository |
| spelling | oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/57206 The microstructure and properties of autogenous gas tungsten arc and laser welds in type 441 ferritic stainless steel Pistorius, Pieter Georg Hendrik mphommadi@gmail.com Mmadi, Mpho Collins UCTD Gas Tungsten Arc welds Microstructure Laser welds Type 441 ferritic Stainless Steel Autogenous Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-04 SDG-04: Quality education Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-07 SDG-07: Affordable and clean energy Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-09 SDG-09: Industry, innovation and infrastructure Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-12 SDG-12: Responsible consumption and production Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2015. Type 441 stainless steel (EN 1.4509 or UNS S43940) is a low carbon dual-stabilised ferritic grade with a nominal chromium content of 18%. This steel displays high corrosion and oxidation resistance, good formability, excellent high temperature strength and thermal fatigue resistance. Type 441stainless steel is used primarily in high temperature applications such as the automotive exhaust systems. The ferritic grades of stainless steel are difficult to weld successfully, especially in thicker sections, and for applications involving welding, the recommended plate thickness is limited to 2.5 mm for type 441. This investigation studied the weldability of type 441 stainless steel in thicker sections, with specific emphasis on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld metal and heat-affected zone after gas tungsten arc welding and laser beam welding at various heat input levels. The precipitation of intermetallic compounds (such as Laves and sigma phase) during the weld thermal cycle, carbide precipitation and grain growth in the weld metal and high temperature heat-affected zone were considered. The results indicate that the microstructures of the weld and heat-affected zone that form during autogenous welding of type 441 stainless steel are complex and strongly dependent on the cooling rate after welding (and therefore the weld heat input used). Laves phase, sigma phase, M23C6 carbides and needle-like titanium-rich carbides (with niobium in solid solution) were observed in the welds and heat-affected zones of gas tungsten arc welds. The presence of intermetallic compounds and carbides embrittled the weld metal and increased the hardness of the weld metal significantly. The fusion zones of the laser welds were observed to be mostly free of second phase particles, whereas the heat-affected zone contained partially dissolved cuboidal titanium-rich carbides and some M23C6 carbides (in the higher heat input welds). The laser welds displayed significantly higher strength and ductility, which can be attributed to the lower heat inputs utilised and the finer grain sizes obtained. Although type 441 is dual-stabilized with titanium and niobium, welding at low heat input levels resulted in chromium-rich M23C6 precipitation in the high temperature heataffected zone during cooling, effectively sensitising the welds to intergranular corrosion. Sensitisation in gas tungsten arc welds was limited to a narrow region of the HTHAZ adjacent to the fusion line in low heat input welds, but extended well into the HTHAZ and weld metal at heat inputs of 0.3 kJ/mm and 0.45 kJ/mm. Sensitisation was mostly suppressed in samples welded at a heat input of 0.7 kJ/mm. Sensitisation was observed in the weld metal of laser welds performed at 0.11 kJ/mm, and in the weld and HTHAZ after welding at 0.23 kJ/mm. tm2016 mi2025 Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering MEng Unrestricted SDG-04: Quality education SDG-07: Affordable and clean energy SDG-09: Industry, innovation and infrastructure SDG-12: Responsible consumption and production 2016-10-14T07:32:13Z 2016-10-14T07:32:13Z 2016-04-14 2015 Dissertation Mmadi, MC 2015, The microstructure and properties of autogenous gas tungsten arc and laser welds in type 441 ferritic stainless steel, MEng Dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd <http://hdl.handle.net/2263/57206> A2016 http://hdl.handle.net/2263/57206 en © 2016 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. application/pdf University of Pretoria |
| spellingShingle | UCTD Gas Tungsten Arc welds Microstructure Laser welds Type 441 ferritic Stainless Steel Autogenous Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-04 SDG-04: Quality education Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-07 SDG-07: Affordable and clean energy Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-09 SDG-09: Industry, innovation and infrastructure Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-12 SDG-12: Responsible consumption and production The microstructure and properties of autogenous gas tungsten arc and laser welds in type 441 ferritic stainless steel |
| title | The microstructure and properties of autogenous gas tungsten arc and laser welds in type 441 ferritic stainless steel |
| title_full | The microstructure and properties of autogenous gas tungsten arc and laser welds in type 441 ferritic stainless steel |
| title_fullStr | The microstructure and properties of autogenous gas tungsten arc and laser welds in type 441 ferritic stainless steel |
| title_full_unstemmed | The microstructure and properties of autogenous gas tungsten arc and laser welds in type 441 ferritic stainless steel |
| title_short | The microstructure and properties of autogenous gas tungsten arc and laser welds in type 441 ferritic stainless steel |
| title_sort | microstructure and properties of autogenous gas tungsten arc and laser welds in type 441 ferritic stainless steel |
| topic | UCTD Gas Tungsten Arc welds Microstructure Laser welds Type 441 ferritic Stainless Steel Autogenous Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-04 SDG-04: Quality education Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-07 SDG-07: Affordable and clean energy Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-09 SDG-09: Industry, innovation and infrastructure Engineering, built environment and information technology theses SDG-12 SDG-12: Responsible consumption and production |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/2263/57206 |