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Structural performance of corrugated packaging.
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | en_ZA |
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
2020
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| _version_ | 1867613933827784704 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author | Portwig, Heinrich |
| author2 | Coetzee, C. J. |
| author_browse | Coetzee, C. J. Portwig, Heinrich |
| author_facet | Coetzee, C. J. Portwig, Heinrich |
| author_sort | Portwig, Heinrich |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | Stellenbosch University |
| description | Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2020. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/109477 |
| institution | Stellenbosch University (South Africa) |
| language | en_ZA |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:44:01Z |
| license_str | Other — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateRange | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| publisherStr | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| spelling | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/109477 Structural performance of corrugated packaging. Portwig, Heinrich Coetzee, C. J. Opara, U. L. Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Engineering. Dept. of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering. Corrugated paperboard -- Packaging Materials -- Compression testing Finite element method Digital image correlation UCTD Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2020. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research investigated two methods for the accurate prediction of the box compression strength (BCT-strength) of four specific box designs chosen by APL Carton (Pty) Ltd. These two methods included empirical correlations and finite element (FE) analysis. The empirical correlations for each specific box design were developed to predict the BCT-strength using the structural properties of its paperboard and were based on the well-known equation formulated by McKee which predicts the BCT-strength of regular slotted cartons. However, the box designs investigated in this study were not regular slotted cartons, therefore the validity of such empirical formulations had to be investigated experimentally. Experiments performed included box compression tests combined with digital image correlation (DIC), edge compression tests, three- and four-point bending stiffness tests and flat crush tests. DIC was used to determine the out-of-plane displacement of each box design. Experimental data was also used to validate the FE-models which is the second prediction method investigated. FE analysis is used to study the structural performance of carton boxes under specific loading conditions. This allows the box manufacturer to make effective and informed design decisions regarding each specific box designs. Ten different empirical correlations were identified and applied to the different box designs and it was found that there is a strong correlation between the BCT-strength and a combination of the four-point bending stiffness and flat crush strength of the paperboard resulting in an average R2 of 0.9665 for all the box designs, with the best R2 being 0.9998 for the Plaform and close second 0.9939 for the Tri-corner and ventilated Tri-corner. The same correlation together with a combination of edge crush strength and flat crush strength was also tested for the Plaform with a perimeter change and resulted in a R2 of 0.9930 in each case which compared well to the R2 of 0.9936 of the McKee equation. Non-linear FEA resulted in thick-shell models predicting the BCT-strength of the DFOS, Tri-corner and Plaform with an error of 5.8 % (15195 N vs 14305 N), 4.6 % (8872 N vs 8463 N) and 3.9 % (6525 N vs 6778 N) respectively while a solid-shell model best predicted the RSC with an error of 3.95 % (5184 N vs 5389 N). The FEA of ventilated boxes were less accurate due to the complexity of modelling local failure which occurred near the ventilation holes caused by edge crushing. FEA showed that it can be used as a design tool for the strength and failure prediction of boxes but further investigation is advised in the modelling of local failure. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing het twee metodes vir die voorspelling van vier verskillende boksontwerpe, gekies deur APL Cartons (Pty) Ltd., se druksterkte ondersoek. Die twee metodes sluit in empiriese korrelesasies en eindige element analise (EEA). Die empiriese korrelasies vir elke boksontwerp was gebaseer op ’n bekende vergelyking geformuleer deur McKee en wat die druksterkte van ’n normaal gevoude boks voorspel. Die ontwerpe wat in hierdie studie ondersoek is, was egter nie normal gevoude boks nie, en daarom moes die toepaslikheid van sulke empirisie korrelasies eksperimenteel ondersoek word. Eksperimente wat uitgevoer is, sluit in boks druktoetse met digitale beeldkorrelasie (DBK), asook rand-druktoetse, drie-en vierpunt buigtoetse en plat-druktoetse. DBK is gedoen om die uit-vlak verplasing van elke boksontwerp te bepaal. Die eksperimentele data is ook gebruik om die eindige element modelle te bevestig. Eindige element analise is ’n vinnige, meer bekostigbare en akkurate metode om die strukturele werksverrigting van kartonbokse onder verskillende kragte en toestande te bestudeer. Dit stel die vervaardiger in staat om effektiewe en ingeligte ontwerpsbesluite te maak rakende spesifieke boksontwerpe. Tien verskillende empiriese korrelasies was geidentifiseer en toegepas op die verskillende boksontwerpe en die bevinding was dat daar ’n sterk korrelasie tussen die boks druksterkte en ’n kombinasie van die vier-punt buigsterkte en plat-druksterkte van die papierbord is. Dit het ’n gemiddelde R2 van 0.9665 vir al die boksontwerpe gegee met ’n beste van 0.9998 vir die Plaform en ’n naby tweede plek van 0.9939 vir die Tri-corner en geventileerde Tri-corner. Dieselfde korrelasie saam met ’n kombinasie tussen rand-druksterkte en plat-druksterkte was ook getoets vir die Platform met ’n verandering in omtrek en het uitgeloop op ’n R2 van 0.9930 in elke geval, wat goed vergelyk met die R2 van 0.9936 van die McKee vergelyking. Nie-liniˆere EEA het gevolg tot dik-dopelementmodelle wat die boks-druksterkte van die DFOS, Tri-corner en Plaform met ’n afwyking van 5.8 % (15195 N teen 14305 N), 4.6 % (8872 N teen 8463 N) and 3.9 % (6525 N teen 6778 N) onderskeidelik voorspel terwyl ’n soliede-dopelement model die RSC met ’n afwyking van 3.95 % (5184 N teen 5389 N) beste kon voorspel. The EEA van geventileerde bokse was minder akkuraat as gevolg van die ingewikkeldheid om lokale mislukking, wat naby die ventilasie gate en as gevolg van randbreking gebeur het, te modelleer. EEA het bewys dat dit as ontwerpinstrument gebruik kan word om die sterkte en mislukking van bokse te voorspel. Verdere ondersoek word aanbeveel vir die modellering van lokale mislukking. Masters 2020-11-26T15:16:09Z 2021-02-01T07:56:44Z 2020-11-26T15:16:09Z 2021-02-01T07:56:44Z 2020-11 Thesis http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/109477 en_ZA Stellenbosch University xiv, 120 pages : illustrations application/pdf Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| spellingShingle | Corrugated paperboard -- Packaging Materials -- Compression testing Finite element method Digital image correlation UCTD Portwig, Heinrich Structural performance of corrugated packaging. |
| title | Structural performance of corrugated packaging. |
| title_full | Structural performance of corrugated packaging. |
| title_fullStr | Structural performance of corrugated packaging. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structural performance of corrugated packaging. |
| title_short | Structural performance of corrugated packaging. |
| title_sort | structural performance of corrugated packaging |
| topic | Corrugated paperboard -- Packaging Materials -- Compression testing Finite element method Digital image correlation UCTD |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/109477 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT portwigheinrich structuralperformanceofcorrugatedpackaging |