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Carbene ligand and complex design directed towards application in synthesis and homogeneous catalysis
Thesis (PhD (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
2008
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| _version_ | 1867614109450633216 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author | Stander-Grobler, Elzet |
| author2 | Raubenheimer, H. G. |
| author_browse | Raubenheimer, H. G. Stander-Grobler, Elzet |
| author_facet | Raubenheimer, H. G. Stander-Grobler, Elzet |
| author_sort | Stander-Grobler, Elzet |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | Stellenbosch University |
| description | Thesis (PhD (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/1139 |
| institution | Stellenbosch University (South Africa) |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:46:49.061Z |
| license_str | Other — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateRange | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| publisherStr | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| spelling | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/1139 Carbene ligand and complex design directed towards application in synthesis and homogeneous catalysis Stander-Grobler, Elzet Raubenheimer, H. G. Cronje, S. Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Science. Dept. of Chemistry and Polymer Science. Carbene complexes N-heterocylic carbene Fischer-type carbene Catalysis Carbenes (Methylene compounds) Complex compounds Transition metal complexes Heterocyclic compounds Dissertations -- Chemistry Theses -- Chemistry Thesis (PhD (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. Alkylated acetonitrile that forms during the synthesis of the sulfonium salt, [(Me3)2(MeS)S][BF4], is involved in the formation of new , -unsaturated Fischer-type carbene complexes from (CO)5M=C(OMe)CH2Li (M = Cr, W). Metal migration observed when the substitution product obtained from the reaction of the anionic carbene complexes (CO)5M=C(NMe2)CºC¯ (M = Cr, W) with Ph3PAu+ was left in solution, was also kinetically and theoretically investigated. 1H NMR and quantum mechanical (at the B3LYP level of theory) data indicated a complicated mechanism. The a,b-unsaturated Fischer-type carbene complex, (CO)5Cr=C(OMe)CH=C(Me)NH(Me), obtained from the reaction of (CO)5M=C(OMe)CH2¯ with alkylated acetonitrile, was transformed into the new remote one-N, six-membered, carbene ligand (rN1HC6) complex, (CO)5Cr=C(CH=C(Me)N(Me)CH=C(nBu). The carbene ligand unprecedentedly preferred the softer Rh(CO)2Cl moiety to the Cr(CO)5 metal fragment and transferred readily. A new series of remote and abnormal square planar compounds [r/a(NHC)(PPh3)2MCl]CF3SO3 (M = Pd or Ni) was prepared by oxidative substitution. The various positions for metal-carbon bond formation on a pyridine ring to furnish various ligand types i.e. C2 for nN1HC6, C3 for aN1HC6 or C4 for rN1HC6 received attention. The ligands were arranged in increasing order of carbene character, aNHC < nNHC < rNHC and trans influence, nN2HC5 ~ aN1HC6 ~ nN1HC6 < rN1HC6. In competitive situations, oxidative substitution occurred selectively at C4 of the pyridine ring rather than at C2 and on the aromatic ring containing the heteroatom (C4), rather than on an annealed aromatic ring (C7). Crystal and molecular structure determinations confirmed the preferred coordination sites. Quantum mechanical calculations (at the RI-BP86/SV level of theory) indicated that the chosen carbene ligand has a much larger influence than the metal on the BDE of the M-Ccarbene bond; the farther away the N-atom is from the carbene carbon, the stronger the bond. In complexes that also contain additional external nitrogen atoms, e.g. trans-chloro(N-methyl-1,2,4- trihydro-2-dimethylaminepyrid-4-ylidene)bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) triflate and transchloro( N-methyl-1,2,4-trihydro-2-dimethylaminepyrid-4-ylidene)bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II) triflate, stabilisation originates from both the nitrogens. 2-Chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrid-4-ylidenephenylammonium triflate afforded complexes with both remote as well as normal nitrogen atoms. New azole complexes of palladium and nickel with remote heteroatoms were also prepared from N-methyl-4',4'-dimethyl-2'-thiophen-3-chloro-2-yl-4,5-dihydro-oxazole. Employing the compound 1,5-dichloroanthraquinone, the product of a double oxidative substitution on two Pd centra could be isolated but not alkylated. The fact that the chemical shift of the metal bonded carbon in the 13C NMR spectrum can not be used as absolute measure of carbene character, was emphasised in a compound where the heteroatom was situated seven bonds away from the carbon donor. In efforts to synthesise a sulphur-bridged complex that contains carbene ligands, crystals of transdi- iodobis(1,3-dimethyl-imidazoline-2-ylidene)palladium were obtained. Bridged thiolato complexes with N1HC6 ligands were unexpectedly found in the attempt to substitute the halogen on chosen square planar carbene complexes of palladium, widening the application possibilities of N1HC6 ligands in organometallic chemistry beyond that of catalysis. A trinuclear cluster, [(PdPPh3)3(μ-SMe)3]BF4 was isolated as a by-product of these reactions. A series normal and abnormal thiazolylidene complexes of nickel and palladium were prepared by oxidative substitution of the respective 2-, 4- and 5-bromothiazolium salts with M(PPh3)4 (M = Pd or Ni), and unequivocally characterised. In a preliminary catalytic investigation, all the thiazolinium and simple pyridinium derived palladium complexes showed activity in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. Little variation in activity in the order a (N next to carbon donor) > n > a (S next to carbon donor) was found for the former series, whereas decreased activity was exhibited in the sequence r > a > n of the latter group. The pyridinium derived complexes showed superior activity to the thiazolinium ones. The rNHC complex, trans-chloro(N-methyl-1,2,4-trihydro-2- dimethylaminepyrid-4-ylidene)bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) triflate, showed similar Suzuki-Miyaura activity to the standard N2HC5 carbene complex precatalyst, trans-chloro[(1,3- dimethyl-imidazol-2-ylidene)triphenylphosphine]palladium(II) triflate. Doctoral 2008-10-31T07:37:31Z 2010-06-01T08:13:29Z 2008-10-31T07:37:31Z 2010-06-01T08:13:29Z 2008-12 Thesis http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1139 en Stellenbosch University application/pdf Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| spellingShingle | Carbene complexes N-heterocylic carbene Fischer-type carbene Catalysis Carbenes (Methylene compounds) Complex compounds Transition metal complexes Heterocyclic compounds Dissertations -- Chemistry Theses -- Chemistry Stander-Grobler, Elzet Carbene ligand and complex design directed towards application in synthesis and homogeneous catalysis |
| title | Carbene ligand and complex design directed towards application in synthesis and homogeneous catalysis |
| title_full | Carbene ligand and complex design directed towards application in synthesis and homogeneous catalysis |
| title_fullStr | Carbene ligand and complex design directed towards application in synthesis and homogeneous catalysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Carbene ligand and complex design directed towards application in synthesis and homogeneous catalysis |
| title_short | Carbene ligand and complex design directed towards application in synthesis and homogeneous catalysis |
| title_sort | carbene ligand and complex design directed towards application in synthesis and homogeneous catalysis |
| topic | Carbene complexes N-heterocylic carbene Fischer-type carbene Catalysis Carbenes (Methylene compounds) Complex compounds Transition metal complexes Heterocyclic compounds Dissertations -- Chemistry Theses -- Chemistry |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1139 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT standergroblerelzet carbeneligandandcomplexdesigndirectedtowardsapplicationinsynthesisandhomogeneouscatalysis |