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Fractional distillation as a possible method to upgrade Tyre-derived-oil
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
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| Language: | en_ZA |
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
2022
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| _version_ | 1867613805664534528 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author | Dantu, Ryan Keagan |
| author2 | Knoetze, Johannes Hendrik |
| author_browse | Dantu, Ryan Keagan Knoetze, Johannes Hendrik |
| author_facet | Knoetze, Johannes Hendrik Dantu, Ryan Keagan |
| author_sort | Dantu, Ryan Keagan |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | Stellenbosch University |
| description | Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2022. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/124865 |
| institution | Stellenbosch University (South Africa) |
| language | en_ZA |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:41:59.323Z |
| license_str | Other — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateRange | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| publisherStr | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| spelling | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/124865 Fractional distillation as a possible method to upgrade Tyre-derived-oil Dantu, Ryan Keagan Knoetze, Johannes Hendrik Schwarz, Cara Elsbeth Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Engineering. Dept. of Process Engineering. Distillation, Fractional Hydrocarbons -- Biodegradation Pilot plants Energy security Pyrolysis UCTD Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2022. ENGLISH SUMMARY: With an increasing demand for global energy security, waste valorisation and energy production through the use of a variety of waste products are of primary focus worldwide. Non-biodegradable waste such as end-of-life tyres is increasing rapidly due to the significant growth of the automobile industry. Tyre derived oil (TDO) which is produced during the pyrolysis process is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons which may hold similar properties to petroleum derived fuels. The overarching aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of utilising fractional distillation of tyre derived pyrolysis oil with the end objective of obtaining a variety of fuel types. TDO assay datum was collected using an advanced distillation curve approach prior to the fractionation process. A pilot plant batch distillation set-up was constructed where process variables such as reflux ratio, operating pressure and heating rate were evaluated. It was found that at bench scale, the single-stage fractional distillation can produce three fractions of varying quality at three different boiling point ranges. The boiling point ranges that were tested namely, <140°C, 140°C<T<245°C, and 245<T<300°C for the naphtha, diesel, and marine bunker oil (MBO) fractions. It was found through elemental analysis that all of the factions exhibited higher sulphur compositions than that allowed for common industry fuels. The sulphur composition ranged from 0.56wt.% in the naphtha fraction (industry standard requires less than 0.07 wt%) to the highest in the MBO fraction at 0.75wt.%. The fractional distillation process further showed that the naphtha, diesel and MBO fractions exhibited comparable physical-chemical properties to that of commercial petroleum derivatives. It was investigated if comparable results can be expected from a pilot plant perspective, the naphtha fraction produced in the pilot-scale process yielded mass fractions ranging from 1.5 wt.% to 20.65wt.% of the original crude TDO feed. Through response surface methodology the optimal operating conditions for the naphtha fraction were statistically determined to be 30 kPa, 10 and 2kW (which equates to a vapour loading of approximately 0.28 kg/min or 77 kg/(min.m2)) for operating pressure, reflux ratio and heating rate respectively. The diesel fraction produced in the pilot-scale process yielded mass fractions ranging from 17.65% at its lowest to 25.14% its highest. The optimal operating conditions for the diesel fraction were statistically determined to be 30 kPa, 10 and 2kW (vapour loading of approximately 0.36 kg/min or 100 kg/(min.m2)) for operating pressure, reflux ratio and heating rate respectively. MBO produced in the pilot-scale process yielded mass fractions ranging from 5.35% at its lowest to 36.46% at its highest. The optimal operating conditions for the MBO fraction were statistically determined to be 70 kPa, 20 and 2.48 kW (vapour loading of approximately 0.42 kg/min or 117 kg/(min.m2)) for operating pressure, reflux ratio and heating rate respectively. The overall optimum process conditions for this specific set-up were determined to be 30 kPa, a reflux ratio of 10 and a heating rate of 2 kW. It was found that although pilot scale batch distillation was successful in fractionating crude TDO, there still needs work to be done on the high sulphur content within the fractions. A continuous distillation setup with prior desulphurisation may serve to enhance the viability of the fractions. AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Met ’n toenemende aanvraag vir globale energiesekerheid is die hooffokus wêreldwyd op afval-valorisering en energieproduksie deur die gebruik van ’n verskeidenheid afvalprodukte. Nie-bioafbreekbare afval soos uitgediende buitebande neem vinnig toe vanweë aansienlike groei in die motorbedryf. Olie wat uit afvalmotorbande herwin word (in Engels “tyre-derived oil” of “TDO”) en in die pirolise-proses geproduseer word, is ’n komplekse mengsel koolwaterstowwe wat soortgelyke eienskappe kan hê as brandstowwe wat uit petroleum herwin word. Die oorkoepelende studieoogmerk was om die moontlike gebruik van fraksionele distillasie van pirolise-olie uit motorbandherwinning te ondersoek met die uiteindelike doel om ’n verskeidenheid brandstoftipes te verkry. Die TDO-proefdata is ingesamel deur ’n gevorderde distillasie-kurwebenadering vóór die fraksioneringsproses te volg. ’n Proeflotmenginstallasie is vir die distillasie opgestel, en prosesveranderlikes soos refluksverhouding, werkdruk en verhittingstempo is getoets. Daar is bevind dat by lottoetsing op klein skaal die enkelfase- fraksionele distillasie drie fraksies van verskillende gehalte teen drie verskillende kookpuntreekse kan produseer. Die getoetste kookpuntreekse vir die nafta-, die diesel- en die marinebunkerolie- (MBO-)fraksie was <140°C, 140°C<T<245°C, en 245<T<300°C. Deur elementêre ontleding is daar bevind dat al die fraksies hoër swaelsamestellings vertoon as dié wat ten opsigte van gewone nywerheidsbrandstowwe toegelaat word. Die swaelsamestelling het gewissel van 0.56 gew.% in die nafta-fraksie (bedryfstandaard vereis minder as 0.07 gew.%) tot die hoogste in die MBO-fraksie by 0.75 gew.%. Die fraksionele distillasieproses het verder getoon dat die nafta-, die diesel- en die MBO-fraksie vergelykbare fisies-chemiese eienskappe as dié van kommersiële petroleum-derivate vertoon. Daar is ondersoek ingestel of vergelykbare resultate uit ’n proefinstallasie-perspektief verwag kan word. Die nafta-fraksie wat uit die proeflottoetsproses gelewer is, het massafraksies opgelewer wat van 1.5 gew.% tot 20.65 gew.% van die oorspronklike ru-TDO-voer wissel. Deur middel van responsie-oppervlakmetodologie is die optimale werktoestande vir die nafta-fraksie statisties as 30 kPa, 10 en 2 kW vasgestel (wat gelykstaande is aan ’n damplading van ongeveer 0.28 kg/min) vir werkdruk, refluksverhouding en verhittingtempo onderskeidelik. Die dieselfraksie wat in die proefskaalproses behaal is, het massafraksies opgelewer wat van 17.65% op sy laagste tot 25.14% op sy hoogste gewissel het. Die optimale werktoestande vir die dieselfraksie is statisties as 30 kPa, 10 en 2 kW vasgestel (damplading van ongeveer 0.36 kg/min) vir werkdruk, refluksverhouding en verhittingstempo onderskeidelik. Die MBO wat in die proefskaalproses geproduseer is, het massafraksies opgelewer wat van 5.35% op sy laagste tot 36.46% op sy hoogste gewissel het. Die optimale werktoestande vir die MBO-fraksie is statisties as 70 kPa, 20 en 2.48 kW vasgestel (damplading van ongeveer 0.42 kg/min) vir werkdruk, refluksverhouding en verhittingstempo onderskeidelik. Die algehele optimum prosestoestande vir hierdie spesifieke opstelling is vasgestel as 30 kPa, ’n refluksverhouding van 10, en ’n verhittingstempo van 2 kW. Daar is bevind dat ofskoon die proeflotmenginstallasie wat vir die distillasie opgestel is suksesvol vir die fraksionering van ru-TDO was, daar nog werk aan die hoë swaelinhoud binne die fraksies gedoen moet word. ’n Deurlopende distillasie-opstelling met ontswaeling vooraf kan die lewensvatbaarheid van die fraksies verbeter. Masters 2022-03-09T08:39:13Z 2022-04-29T09:37:51Z 2022-03-09T08:39:13Z 2022-04-29T09:37:51Z 2022-04 Thesis http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/124865 en_ZA Stellenbosch University 162 pages : illustrations application/pdf Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| spellingShingle | Distillation, Fractional Hydrocarbons -- Biodegradation Pilot plants Energy security Pyrolysis UCTD Dantu, Ryan Keagan Fractional distillation as a possible method to upgrade Tyre-derived-oil |
| title | Fractional distillation as a possible method to upgrade Tyre-derived-oil |
| title_full | Fractional distillation as a possible method to upgrade Tyre-derived-oil |
| title_fullStr | Fractional distillation as a possible method to upgrade Tyre-derived-oil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fractional distillation as a possible method to upgrade Tyre-derived-oil |
| title_short | Fractional distillation as a possible method to upgrade Tyre-derived-oil |
| title_sort | fractional distillation as a possible method to upgrade tyre derived oil |
| topic | Distillation, Fractional Hydrocarbons -- Biodegradation Pilot plants Energy security Pyrolysis UCTD |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/124865 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT danturyankeagan fractionaldistillationasapossiblemethodtoupgradetyrederivedoil |