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Acute kinematic differences between barefoot and minimalist sandal running in male trail runners
Thesis (M Sport Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
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| Language: | en_ZA |
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Stellenbosch University
2023
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| _version_ | 1867614011247296512 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author | Alexander, Justin Harry |
| author2 | Venter, Ranel |
| author_browse | Alexander, Justin Harry Venter, Ranel |
| author_facet | Venter, Ranel Alexander, Justin Harry |
| author_sort | Alexander, Justin Harry |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | Stellenbosch University |
| description | Thesis (M Sport Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2022. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/127058 |
| institution | Stellenbosch University (South Africa) |
| language | en_ZA |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:45:15.253Z |
| license_str | Other — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateRange | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Stellenbosch University |
| publisherStr | Stellenbosch University |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| spelling | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/127058 Acute kinematic differences between barefoot and minimalist sandal running in male trail runners Alexander, Justin Harry Venter, Ranel De Waal, Simon Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences. Dept. of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medication. Male athletes Kinematics Running shoes -- Psychological aspects Mountain running -- Psychological aspects Units of measurements UCTD Thesis (M Sport Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2022. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: To date, there is a lack of scientific literature available that addresses the possibility of a running footwear option/design which can simulate barefoot running. This is an even greater area of interest for trail runners, as the surfaces encountered are often considered hazardous, and may result in superficial injuries if running barefoot. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the trunk and lower limb kinematic differences between ‘minimalist sandal’ and ‘barefoot running’ in habitually shod male recreational trail runners, during both flat and incline submaximal treadmill running. The study recruited thirteen (n=13) recreational trail runners (age: 25 ± 3 years; height: 1.83 ± 0.07 metres; shoe size: UK 10.5 ± 1.4; mass: 78.8 ± 5.9 kilograms) who were required to run on a Bertec® instrumented treadmill, which was set at a fixed speed at two different gradients. The levelled gradient was set to 0º, and the incline gradient was set to +8º. Furthermore, the trials were completed at a fixed speed of 10 k/h. The participants were required to perform these tests via two different footwear conditions namely, barefoot and minimalist sandal, in which the trunk and lower limb kinematics were observed were observed at each gradient. To analyse the trunk and lower limb kinematics, the Noraxon MyoMOTION Research Pro Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) system was used for data capturing while running on the treadmill. This system was able to capture 3D kinematic data at a rate 200 units/frames per second (200Hz). Trunk lean, hip flexion, knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion and foot strike pattern were analysed at initial foot contact for all selected trial conditions. A Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to inspect the data for normality. A combination of Paired T-tests and Wilcoxon Signed Ranked tests were performed depending on the distribution of the data. In addition, for all discrete data (foot strike pattern), a McNemar’s test was used. The level of significance in this study was set at 95% (p < 0.05). The results reported in this study proved that there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in kinematic variables between the running footwear conditions, for both level and incline running. These results demonstrated that it is possible for the minimalist sandal to replicate barefoot running, during both flat and incline (+8º) gradient conditions. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that at initial contact, it is possible for barefoot trail runners, or habitually shod trail runners looking to transition to barefoot running, to make use of the minimalist sandal to simulate barefoot running conditions. The level of footwear cushioning also seems to play a pivotal role in determining the kinematic outcomes, which also plays a role in the transition period to barefoot and/or minimalist running. Therefore, habitually shod runners should be cautious when transitioning to minimalist footwear, as injuries may occur if this transition to “barefoot like” conditions is not appropriately managed. Future studies should consider multivariant factors/phases when anaylsing the full gait cycle (i.e. flight phase, toe-off etc.) to demonstrate a greater comprehensive overview when comparing running conditions as a whole. Future studies should consider utilising IMUs (inertial measurement unit) in an outdoor setting to improve the external validity of research on minimalist sandal running in trail runner samples. In addition, it is also advisable to adopt a longitudinal approach when attempting to determine the effects of theminimalist sandal on running gait kinematics. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Op die huidige stadium is daar ‘n beperkte hoeveelheid wetenskaplike literatuur beskikbaar wat die moontlike opsies vi ren ontwerpe van hardloopskoene aanspreek en wat kaalvoet hardloop akkuraat kan simuleer. Hierdie onderwerp is veral van groot belang onder veldwedlopers omrede hardloopoppervlaktes dikwels as gevaarlik beskou kan word, wat uiteindelik tot oppervlakkige skade aan die voet mag lei wanneer daar kaalvoet gehardloop word. Dus is hierdie studie daarop gerig om die kinematiese verskille van die romp en die onderste ledemate na te vors tydens minimalistiese sandaal en kaalvoet hardloop onder manlike ontspanningsveldwedlopers, op gelyke oppervlaktes, asook teen opdraendes (tydens submaksimale trapmeulhardloop). Dertien (N=13) veldwedlopers (ouderdom: 25 ± 2.6 jaar; lengte: 1.83 ± 0.07 meter; gewig: 78.8 ± 5.9 kilogram; skoengrootte: VK 10.5 ± 1.4) het op ’n Bertec® geïnstrumenteerde trapmeul, teen ‘n konstante spoed, teen twee verskillende hellings en tydens twee verskillende skoeiseltoestande gehardloop. Die gelyke gradiënt is teen ‘n 0º helling gestel, terwyl die opdraende helling teen +8º gestel is. Die veldwedloop is afgelê teen ‘n konstante spoed van 2.78 m/s. Die twee onderskeidelike skoeiseltoestande, naamlik kaalvoet en minimalistiese sandaal, was opgemerk teen die twee afsonderlike hellings. Gesamentlik met die trapmeul, is ‘n “Noraxon MyoMOTION Research Pro Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)” gebruik om alle relevante 3D kinematiese data van die romp en onderste ledemate teen ‘n frekwensie van 200Hz te meet. Romp leuning, heupfleksie, kniefleksie, enkel dorsifleksie en die voetslagpatroon was ontleed by die aanvang van voetkontak tydens alle gesellekteerde veldwedloop kondisies. ‘n Shapiro-Wilk toets was uitgevoer om die normaliteit van die data te toets. Afhangend van data normaliteit, is ‘n kombinasie van “Paired T-tests” en “Wilcoxon Signed Ranked tests” uitgevoer. Bykomend hiertoe, vir alle diskrete data (voetslagpatroon), is ‘n “McNemar’s test” gebruik. Die betekenisvolheidsvlak is op 95% (P≤0.05) gestel. Die resultate wat in hierdie studie bevind is het getoon dat daar geen noemenswaardige statistiese verandering (p > 0.05) in die kinematies veranderlikes, tussen die verskillende skoeiseltoestande, vir beide gelyke -en opdraende hardloop, plaasgevind het nie. Hierdie resultate toon dat die minimalistiese sandaal moontlik kaalvoet hardloop kan mimiek tydens beide gelyke oppervlakshardloop en teen ‘n opdraende helling. Ter gevolgtrekking, het die bevindinge in hierdie studie getoon dat dit moontlik is vir kaalvoetveldwedlopers, asook geskoeide veldwedlopers wat kaalvoethardloop oorweeg, om gebruik te maak van minimalistiese sandale om kaalvoethardloop kondisies te simuleer. Die vlak waarteen ‘n skoen die impak demp blyk ook om ‘n deurslaggewende verskil te maak in die bepaling van kinematiese resultate, wat op sy beurt ook ‘n rol speel in die oorgangsperiode vanaf geskoei na kaalvoet en/of minimalistiese hardloop. Dus moet geskoeide hardlopers versigtig wees tydens die oorgang na minimalistiese skoene/sandale om ten einde beserings te voorkom indien hierdie oorgangsproses nie toepaslik bestuur word nie. Toekomende studies moet die gebruik van “IMUs (inertial measurement unit)” in ‘n buitemuurse omgewing oorweeg om die eksterne geldigheid van navorsing op minimalistiese sandaal hardloop by veldwedlopers te bevorder. Verder is dit ook raadsaam om ‘n longitudinale benadering te volg wanneer daar gepoog word om die kinematiese effekte van minimalistiese sandale te bepaal tydens hardloop. Masters 2023-02-19T21:11:04Z 2023-05-18T07:02:13Z 2023-02-19T21:11:04Z 2023-05-18T07:02:13Z 2022-12 Thesis http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/127058 en_ZA Stellenbosch University xv, 107 pages : illustrations application/pdf Stellenbosch University |
| spellingShingle | Male athletes Kinematics Running shoes -- Psychological aspects Mountain running -- Psychological aspects Units of measurements UCTD Alexander, Justin Harry Acute kinematic differences between barefoot and minimalist sandal running in male trail runners |
| title | Acute kinematic differences between barefoot and minimalist sandal running in male trail runners |
| title_full | Acute kinematic differences between barefoot and minimalist sandal running in male trail runners |
| title_fullStr | Acute kinematic differences between barefoot and minimalist sandal running in male trail runners |
| title_full_unstemmed | Acute kinematic differences between barefoot and minimalist sandal running in male trail runners |
| title_short | Acute kinematic differences between barefoot and minimalist sandal running in male trail runners |
| title_sort | acute kinematic differences between barefoot and minimalist sandal running in male trail runners |
| topic | Male athletes Kinematics Running shoes -- Psychological aspects Mountain running -- Psychological aspects Units of measurements UCTD |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/127058 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alexanderjustinharry acutekinematicdifferencesbetweenbarefootandminimalistsandalrunninginmaletrailrunners |