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Effect of an essential oil cocktail on milk production and digestibility parameters of Jersey cows grazing ryegrass pasture
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
2023
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| _version_ | 1867613926787645440 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author | Van Greunen, Benjamin Biekersteth |
| author2 | Van Zyl, Johan Hendrik Combrink
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| author_browse | Van Greunen, Benjamin Biekersteth Van Zyl, Johan Hendrik Combrink |
| author_facet | Van Zyl, Johan Hendrik Combrink
Van Greunen, Benjamin Biekersteth |
| author_sort | Van Greunen, Benjamin Biekersteth |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | Stellenbosch University |
| description | Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2023. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/127172 |
| institution | Stellenbosch University (South Africa) |
| language | en_ZA |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:43:54.909Z |
| license_str | Other — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateRange | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| publisherStr | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| spelling | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/127172 Effect of an essential oil cocktail on milk production and digestibility parameters of Jersey cows grazing ryegrass pasture Van Greunen, Benjamin Biekersteth Van Zyl, Johan Hendrik Combrink Meeske, R. Cruywagen, C. W. Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Animal Science. Ruminants -- Feeding and feeds -- Health aspects Ryegrasses Pastures -- Management Milk -- Composition Essential oils Essences and essential oils -- Economic aspects Concentrated animal feeding operations UCTD Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2023. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Feed additives have been used for several years to manipulate the rumen environment of dairy cows. With increasing input costs, farmers are constantly searching for new feed additives to increase profitability. The use of antibiotic ionophores has been very successful in manipulating the rumen environment and output beneficially. Ionophores have however been banned in the European Union since 2006 due to strong social concerns of microbial resistance associated with the prolonged use of antibiotic ionophores. More recently natural plant extracts like essential oils have been of interest among scientists. Essential oils have antimicrobial properties that enable it to potentially improve animal health and overall performance. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of supplementing a mixture of essential oils, including cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and thymol, on rumen fermentation and production parameters of Jersey cows grazing ryegrass pasture. For the first objective, 34 multiparous Jersey cows were used for the production study. The production study consisted of 60 days following a 7-day adaptation period. Cows were blocked according to lactation number, days in milk and milk production. Each block consisted of two comparable cows. This resulted in 17 cows per treatment. The control consisted of 6 kg of concentrate as is and 11.9 kg (DM) of allocated ryegrass pasture. Treatment consisted of 6 kg of concentrate, with the addition of 12 g of the essential oil cocktail with 11.9 kg (DM) per day of allocated ryegrass pasture. Composite milk samples and blood samples were recorded every 14 days during the trial. Body condition scores (BCS) and live weight were measured at the beginning and end of the trail. There was no significant difference in daily milk yield, 4% fat corrected milk yield (FCM) and energy corrected milk yield (ECM). There was also no significant difference in lactose, protein and butterfat content between treatments. Somatic cell count (SCC), milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were also unaffected between the two treatments. Live weight and BCS were also not affected, indicating body reserves were not used to maintain milk production. Six rumen cannulated cows were used in the rumen study. Three cows were used per treatment in a 2 x 2 Latin square design. Cows were subjected to a 21-day adaption period, followed by a 9-day measurement period. Cows were swapped between treatments and the same adaption and sampling periods were followed. No significant differences in the rumen ammonia nitrogen levels between the two treatments while the volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile was mostly unaffected. However, a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the molar proportions and the concentration of butyrate was identified, with the control treatment having a higher molar proportion and concentration at the 06h00 sampling time. The ruminal pH levels were also unaffected by the two treatments and a constant pH level greater than 6 were maintained. The secondary aim of the study was to determine if a mixture of essential oils could improve protein utilisation and serve as a potential protein binder. A Ross in vitro method was used to determine intestinal availability. The control substrate was 67% pasture and 33% concentrate supplemented with 7.9 kg per ton of sepiolite which acted as a filler while the treatment substrate was (EO) 67% pasture and 33% concentrate supplemented with 7.9 kg per ton with a mixture of essential oil cocktail. Rumen fluid of six canulated Holstein cows were used. No significant differences in ruminal or intestinal crude protein (CP) digestibility values between the two treatments were observed. It can be concluded that the addition of a mixture of essential oils including thymol, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol were not able to influence the rumen or lower intestinal digestibility and did not influence the production parameters of lactating Jersey cows on pasture. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Voerbymiddels word al vir baie jare gebruik om die rumenomgewing van melkkoeie te manipuleer. Met stygende insetkoste soek melkprodusente nuwe voerbymiddels om hulle winsmarges te verhoog. Die gebruik van antibiotika en ionofore is baie sukseslvol daarin om die rumen omgewing te verander om voordelige effekte te optimeer. Die gebruik van antibiotika is egter sedert 2006 in die Europese Unie verbied weens toenemende antimikrobiese weerstand bekommernisse wat deur langduringe terapeutiese gebruik veroorsaak kan word. Meer onlangs het die belangstelling in natuurlike plantprodukte soos essensiële olies egter meer na vore getree. Essensiële olies besit antimikrobiese eienskappe wat dit potensieel in staat stel om algehele dieregesondheid en -produksie te verhoog. Die eerste doelwit van die studie was om vas te stel of ‘n mengel van essensiële olie wat - kaneel, -naaltjie en tiemie-olie bevat, rumenfermentasie en melkproduksie parameters van Jersey koeie wat raaigras wei kan beïnvloed. Hiervoor is 34 lakterende Jersey koeie gebruik. Die produksiestudie was 60 dae lank wat direk gevolg het na ‘n 7dae aanpassings. Die koeie was geblok volgens melkproduksie, dae in melk en laktasie nommer. Elk van die behandelings het 17 koeie gehad. Die kontrole het bestaan uit 6 kg kragvoer en 11.9 kg (DM) geallokeerde raaigrasweiding per koei per dag. Die behandeling het bestaan uit 6 kg kragvoer met die byvoeging van 12 g essensiële olie mengsel en 11.9 kg geallokeerde raaigrasweiding per koei per dag. Melkproduksie was daagliks gemeet terwyl melk- en bloedmonsters elke 14 dae geneem is. Liggaamskondissie-telling (BCS) en lewendige massa is geneem aan die begin en aan die einde van die studieperiode. Geen betekenisvolle verskil in gemiddelde daaglikse melk-, vet gekorrigeerde melk- (FCM) of energie gekorrigeerde melkproduksie (ECM) was waargeneem nie. Daar was ook geen betekenisvolle verskil in laktose, proteÏen- en bottervetinhoud nie. Somatiese seltelling (SSC), melk ureum stikstof (MUN) en bloed ureum stiktof (BUN) was ook nie deur behandeling beïnvloed nie. Ses gekanuleerde lakterende Jersey koeie is gebruik tydens ‘n rumenstudie. Drie koeie per behandeling in ‘n 2 x 2 Latynse vierkant ontwerp was gebruik. ‘n aanpassingsperiode van 21- dae was toegepas is gevolg deur ‘n 9-dae datakolleksieperiode. Na 30 dae is die koeie tussen behandelings geruil en dieselfde aanpassingstye en data versamelings tye was gevolg. Geen betekenisvolle verskille in rumen-ammoniak-stikstof vlakke tussen die twee behandelings was waargeneem nie. Die vlugtige vetsure was meestal ook ongeafiketeer. Daar was egter ‘n betekenisvolle veskil (P < 0.05) in die molekulêre verhouding en die konsentrasie van bottersuur waargeneem. Die kontrole behandeling het ‘n hoër molekulêre verhouding en konsentrasie van bottersuur tydens die 06h00 monsternemings tyd getoon. Rumen-pH vlakke was ook onveranderd tussen die twee behandelings. Die tweede doelwit van die studie was om vas te stel of ‘n mengsel van essensiële olies proteÏenbenutting kan verbeter en kan dien as ‘n proteïenbinder. ‘n Ross in vitro metode is gebruik. Die kontrole (CON) was 67% weiding en 33% konsentraat wat met 7.9 kg per ton sepioliet wat dien as ‘n vuller-substraat terwyl die behandeling uit 67% weiding en 33% konsentraat met 7.9 kg per ton van ‘n mengsel van essensiële olies substraat bestaan het. Rumenvloeistof van ses gekanuleerde Holstein koeie was tydens hierdie studie gebruik. Geen betekeninvolle verskil in die verteerbaarheid van ruproteÏen in die rumen of die laer spysverteringskannaal was tussen behandelings waargeneem nie. Daar kan dus tot die gevolgtrekking gekom word dat die byvoeging van ‘n mengsel van essensiële olies geen verandering in die rumen of laer spysverteringkanaalverteerbaarheid gehad het nie. Dit het ook nie die melkproduksie parameters van lakterende Jersey koeie op weiding beÏnvloed nie. Masters 2023-03-06T14:01:43Z 2023-05-18T07:08:03Z 2023-03-06T14:01:43Z 2023-05-18T07:08:03Z 2023-03 Thesis http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/127172 en_ZA Stellenbosch University xvi, 97 pages : illustrations (some color) application/pdf Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| spellingShingle | Ruminants -- Feeding and feeds -- Health aspects Ryegrasses Pastures -- Management Milk -- Composition Essential oils Essences and essential oils -- Economic aspects Concentrated animal feeding operations UCTD Van Greunen, Benjamin Biekersteth Effect of an essential oil cocktail on milk production and digestibility parameters of Jersey cows grazing ryegrass pasture |
| title | Effect of an essential oil cocktail on milk production and digestibility parameters of Jersey cows grazing ryegrass pasture |
| title_full | Effect of an essential oil cocktail on milk production and digestibility parameters of Jersey cows grazing ryegrass pasture |
| title_fullStr | Effect of an essential oil cocktail on milk production and digestibility parameters of Jersey cows grazing ryegrass pasture |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of an essential oil cocktail on milk production and digestibility parameters of Jersey cows grazing ryegrass pasture |
| title_short | Effect of an essential oil cocktail on milk production and digestibility parameters of Jersey cows grazing ryegrass pasture |
| title_sort | effect of an essential oil cocktail on milk production and digestibility parameters of jersey cows grazing ryegrass pasture |
| topic | Ruminants -- Feeding and feeds -- Health aspects Ryegrasses Pastures -- Management Milk -- Composition Essential oils Essences and essential oils -- Economic aspects Concentrated animal feeding operations UCTD |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/127172 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vangreunenbenjaminbiekersteth effectofanessentialoilcocktailonmilkproductionanddigestibilityparametersofjerseycowsgrazingryegrasspasture |