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Green gold : valorising wax by-products from commercial cannabis sativa processing
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | en_ZA |
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
2023
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| _version_ | 1867613787536752640 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author | Duminy, Jan-Hendrik Marthinus |
| author2 | Goosen, Neill Jurgens |
| author_browse | Duminy, Jan-Hendrik Marthinus Goosen, Neill Jurgens |
| author_facet | Goosen, Neill Jurgens Duminy, Jan-Hendrik Marthinus |
| author_sort | Duminy, Jan-Hendrik Marthinus |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | Stellenbosch University |
| description | Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2023. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/129044 |
| institution | Stellenbosch University (South Africa) |
| language | en_ZA |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:41:42.083Z |
| license_str | Other — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateRange | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| publisherStr | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| spelling | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/129044 Green gold : valorising wax by-products from commercial cannabis sativa processing Duminy, Jan-Hendrik Marthinus Goosen, Neill Jurgens Van Rensburg, Eugene Pott, Robert William McClelland Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Engineering. Dept. of Chemical Engineering. Process Engineering. Cannabis -- Processing Waxes By-products Thin layer chromatography Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2023. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Valuable wax by-products from cannabis sativg, processing are currently underutilised due to a lack of characterisation and literature on possible valorisation applications, whereas a substantial amount of cannabinoids remain in the waxy extraction residues, resulting marked process inefficiencies. The primary objectives for this study were: (1) development of an analysis methodology (2) quantitative characterisation of the wax (3) identification of valuable fractions (4&5) development, testing and refinement of fractionation methodologies for separate recovery of lipophilic and cannabinoid fractions. The composition of two wax residues, provided by commercial Cannabis processors, were quantified using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), thermogravimetric analysis, and high- performance liquid chromatography. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) offered a rapid identification method of the major classes of compounds in samples. The main lipophilic classes in the two different Cannabis waxes consisted of n-alkanes, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, sterols and various terpenoids. The cannabinoids were the most abundant fraction in both waxes, concentrations of 509.3 mg/g for wax A and 392.6 mg/g for wax B. The most abundant lipophilic class in wax A was the fatty acids (172.2 mg/g) and for wax B it was the n-alkanes (54.6 mg/g). Using the TLC approach, nine out of 10 spots for wax A could be identified, suggesting that this approach could serve as a viable alternative to GC-MS for rapid identification of plant waxes. Selection of solvents that aided wax dissolution for the recovery of cannabinoids was achieved through limitations imposed on the relative polarity, boiling point temperature, safety of use, and Kamlet-Taft parameters of potential solvents. The developed selection approach was tested on a set of commonly used solvents. Five out of 73 solvent candidates, namely 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 3-pentanone, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), were tested to validate the solvent selection methodology and performed as predicted for the recovery of cannabinoids from the wax. recrystallisation method was investigated for recovery of cannabinoids from the wax, consisting of heating and mixing stage followed by cooling, filtering, and a solvent wash. A key finding of the study was that the cannabinoid recovery can be maximised by first melting the wax, followed by recrystallisation of the longer chain wax components, such as n-alkanes, fatty acids, and fatty alcohols, while the cannabinoids were retained in solution. Cannabinoid recovery was dependent on the solvent to dry wax ratio (S:DW), where S:DWs above 20 performed the best overall, in terms of solvent recovery (55.2%) and mass of cannabinoids in the filtrate (1127 mg). The highest overall cannabinoid recovery of 94.5% was achieved at a S:DW of 27.2. The recrystallisation methodology, proposed in this study, has the potential to minimize cannabinoid losses during processing and has demonstrated a new valorisation process for the waxy Cannabis extraction residues. Further investigation into the refinement of the recrystallisation method was recommended, as to determine the optimal conditions in terms of solvent use and cannabinoid recovery. Furthermore, testing of the physical properties of the cannabinoid-free wax was also recommended to determine possible field of applications. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Waardevolle was byprodukte van Cannabis sativa-prosessering word tans onderbenut as gevolg van 'n gebrek aan karakterisering en literatuur oor moontlike valorisasietoepassings, waar 'n beduidende hoeveelheid kannabinoiede in die wasserige ekstraks'eresidu's agterbly, wat gemerkte prosesondoeltreffendhede tot gevolg het_ Die primére doelwitte van hierdie studie was: (I) ontwikkeling van 'n analitiese metodologie (2) kwantitatiewe karaktensering van die was (3) identifikasie van waardevolle fraksies (4&5) ontwikkeling, toetsing en verfyning van fraksioneringsmetodologieé vir aparte herwinning van lipofiel- en kannabinoiedfraksies_Die komposisie van twee wasresidu's, verskaf deur kommersiéle Cannabis-prosesseerders, is gekwantifiseer deur gas chromatografie-massaspektrometrie (GC-MS), termogravimetriese analise, en hoe-doeltreffendheid vloeistofchromatografie te gebruik_ Dun laag chromatografie (TLC) het 'n vinnige identifikasiemetode aangebied vir die grootste klasse samestellings in steekproewe_ Die hoof lipofiel- klasse in twee verskillende Cannabis-wasse het bestaan uit n-alkane, vetterige alkohole, vetterige sure, sterrolle en verskillende terpenoiede_ Die kannabinoiede was die volopste fraksie in beide wasse, met konsentrasies van 509.3 mg/g vir was-A en 392.6 mg/g vir was-B. Die volopste lipofiel-klas in was-A was die vetterige sure (172.2 mg/g) en vir was-B was dit die n-alkane (54.6 mg/g)_ Deur die TLC-benadering te gebruik, is nege van die tien kolle vir was-A geidentifiseer, wat voorstel dat hierdie benadering kan dien as 'n lewensvatbare alternatief tot GC-MS vir vinnige identifikasie van plantwasse Verkiesing van oplosmiddels wat wasoplossing vir die herwinning van kannabinoiede ondersteun het, is bereik deur beperkings Ingestel op die relatiewe polaritelt, kookpunttemperatuur, veiligheid van gebruik, en Kamlet-Taft-parameters van potensiéle solvente_ Die ontwikkelde keuse-benadering is getoets op 'n stel algemeen gebruikte solvente_ Vyf uit 73 oplosmddelkandidate, naamlik 1,2- dimetoksimetaanassestaat, 3-pentanoon, etielasetaat, metielasetaat en metieltertbutieleter (MT3E), is getoets om die oplosmiddelkeuse-metodologie te valideer en het opgetree soos voorspel vir die herwinning van kannabinoiede uit was. 'n Herkristallisasiemetode is ondersoek vir herwinning van kannabinoiede in die was, wat bestaan het uit 'n verhitting-en-vermengingfase gevolg deur verkoeling, filtrenng, en 'n oplosmiddelwas_ 'n Sleutelbevinding van die studie is dat die kannabinoiedherwinning gemaksimeer kan word deur eers die was te smelt, gevolg deur herkristallisering van die 'anger waskettingkomponente, soos n-alkane, vetterige sure, en vetterige alkohole, terwyl die kannabinoiede in die oplossing agtergebly het Kannabinoiedherwinning was afhanklik van die oplosmiddel-tot-droé-was-verhouding (S.DW), waar S:DWs bo 20 oor die algemeen die beste gedoen het, in terme van oplosmiddelherwinning (552%) en massa kannabinoiede in filtraat (1127 mg). Die hoogste algehele kanabinoiedherwinning van 94.5% is bereik by 'n S:DW van 27.2. Die herkristallisasiemetodologie, voorgestel in hierdie studie, het die potensiaal om kannabinoiedverliese gedurende prosessering te minimaliseer en het 'n nuwe valorisasieproses vir die wasserige Cannabis-ekstraksieresidu's gedemonstreer Verdere ondersoek in die verfyning van die herkristallisasiemetode word aangeraai, omdat dit die optimale kondisles in terme van oplosmiddelgebruik en kannabinoiedherwinning sal bepaal_ Verder, toets van die fisiese eienskappe van die kannabinoied-vrye was word 00k voorgestel om moontlike veld van toepassing te bepaal. Masters 2023-11-29T08:10:42Z 2024-01-08T20:22:05Z 2023-11-29T08:10:42Z 2024-01-08T20:22:05Z 2023-12 Thesis https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/129044 en_ZA Stellenbosch University xii, 101 pages : illustrations application/pdf Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| spellingShingle | Cannabis -- Processing Waxes By-products Thin layer chromatography Duminy, Jan-Hendrik Marthinus Green gold : valorising wax by-products from commercial cannabis sativa processing |
| title | Green gold : valorising wax by-products from commercial cannabis sativa processing |
| title_full | Green gold : valorising wax by-products from commercial cannabis sativa processing |
| title_fullStr | Green gold : valorising wax by-products from commercial cannabis sativa processing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Green gold : valorising wax by-products from commercial cannabis sativa processing |
| title_short | Green gold : valorising wax by-products from commercial cannabis sativa processing |
| title_sort | green gold valorising wax by products from commercial cannabis sativa processing |
| topic | Cannabis -- Processing Waxes By-products Thin layer chromatography |
| url | https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/129044 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT duminyjanhendrikmarthinus greengoldvalorisingwaxbyproductsfromcommercialcannabissativaprocessing |