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A benchtop investigation into the removal of fungicide from citrus packhouse wash water in South Africa
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2024.
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
2025
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| _version_ | 1867613851465285632 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author | Ikin, Ross Patrick |
| author2 | Bosman, Adele |
| author_browse | Bosman, Adele Ikin, Ross Patrick |
| author_facet | Bosman, Adele Ikin, Ross Patrick |
| author_sort | Ikin, Ross Patrick |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | Stellenbosch University |
| description | Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2024. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/131676 |
| institution | Stellenbosch University (South Africa) |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:42:41.823Z |
| license_str | Other — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publishDateRange | 2025 |
| publishDateSort | 2025 |
| publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| publisherStr | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| spelling | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/131676 A benchtop investigation into the removal of fungicide from citrus packhouse wash water in South Africa Ikin, Ross Patrick Bosman, Adele Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Engineering. Dept. of Civil Engineering. Citrus fruits -- Postharvest technology Agricultural pollution Pesticides -- Environmental aspects Water reuse -- South Africa UCTD Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2024. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Polluted effluent water, particularly wash water from citrus packhouses, has become a significant environmental concern in the citrus industry due to the use of fungicides procedures. In South Africa there is limited research on developing effective and environmentally sustainable treatment technologies for citrus packhouse wash water. This research report aims to determine suitable treatment options for reducing fungicide concentrations in citrus packhouse wash water. The research began with a comprehensive review of the existing literature to understand the operational procedures of South African citrus packhouses, their fruit washing processes, and current wash water treatment methods. Concurrently, on-site visits to packhouses were conducted to gather practical insights into their specific treatment. Data collection was performed at three selected packhouses in the Paarl/Franschhoek region of the Western Cape. Samples were taken from key points within the packhouses and analysed by an offsite specialist laboratory. The results analysis revealed that Imazalil is the most commonly used fungicide, prompting its selection as the primary fungicide used for further benchtop scale testing. To ensure accuracy, six potential treatment processes were selected based on the packhouse requirements and initial data findings. These processes included plant biofilters, sand filters, bacteria sand filters, flocculation, oxidation and granular activated carbon. Each process was tested in triplicate using identical benchtop setups to ensure a more accurate and reliable representation of the results gathered. The benchtop testing results indicated that the plant biofilter was the most effective in removing fungicide from the wash water. Based on the requirements of the packhouses, the available literature, and the results gathered in this report, the plant biofilter is recommended as a viable treatment method to remove fungicide from citrus packhouse wash water. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Besoedelde afvalwater, veral waswater vanaf sitrusverpakkingshuise, het 'n beduidende omgewingskwessie in die sitrusbedryf geword as gevolg van die gebruik van swamdoders tydens die prosesseringsprosedures. In Suid-Afrika is daar beperkte navorsing oor die ontwikkeling van effektiewe en omgewingsvolhoubare behandelingstegnologieë vir sitruspakhuis-waswater. Hierdie navorsingsverslag poog om geskikte behandelingsopsies te bepaal vir die vermindering van swamdoderkonsentrasiess in sitruspakhuis-. Die navorsing het begin met 'n omvattende oorsig van die bestaande literatuur om die bedryfsprosedures in Suid-Afrikaanse sitrusverpakkingshuise, hul vrugtewasprosesse, en huidige waswaterbehandelingsmetodes te verstaan. Terselfdertyd is daar terrein besoeke aan verpakkingshuise gedoen om praktiese insigte te verkry oor hul spesifieke behandelingsbehoeftes. Data-insameling is uitgevoer by drie geselekteerde pakhuise in die Paarl/Franschhoek-omgewing van die Wes-Kaap. Monsters is geneem van sleutelpunte binne die pakhuise en is deur 'n buite spesialislaboratorium ontleed. Die resultate van die ontleding het getoon dat Imazalil die mees algemeen gebruikte swamdoder is, wat daartoe gelei het dat dit as die primêre swamdoder gekies is vir verdere modelskaaltoetsing. Om akkuraatheid te verseker, is ses potensiële behandelingsprosesse gekies op grond van verpakkinghuise se vereistes en die aanvanklike data bevindinge. Hierdie prosesse sluit in plantbiofilters, gewone sandfilters, bakteriesandfilters, flokkulasie, oksidasie en korrelvormige geaktiveerde koolstof. Elke proses is in drievoud getoets deur identiese modelopstellings te gebruik om 'n meer akkurate en betroubare verteenwoordiging van die resultate te verseker. Die modeltoetsresultate het aangedui dat die plant biofilter die doeltreffendste was in die verwydering van swamdoder uit die waswater. Volgens die vereistes van die pakhuise, die beskikbare literatuur, en die resultate in die verslag, word die plant biofilter aanbeveel as 'n lewensvatbare behandelingsmetode om swamdoder uit sitrusverpakkingshuis-waswater te verwyder. Masters 2025-02-05T09:33:30Z 2025-02-05T09:33:30Z 2024-12 Thesis https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/131676 en Stellenbosch University xvi, 182 pages : illustrations application/pdf Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| spellingShingle | Citrus fruits -- Postharvest technology Agricultural pollution Pesticides -- Environmental aspects Water reuse -- South Africa UCTD Ikin, Ross Patrick A benchtop investigation into the removal of fungicide from citrus packhouse wash water in South Africa |
| title | A benchtop investigation into the removal of fungicide from citrus packhouse wash water in South Africa |
| title_full | A benchtop investigation into the removal of fungicide from citrus packhouse wash water in South Africa |
| title_fullStr | A benchtop investigation into the removal of fungicide from citrus packhouse wash water in South Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed | A benchtop investigation into the removal of fungicide from citrus packhouse wash water in South Africa |
| title_short | A benchtop investigation into the removal of fungicide from citrus packhouse wash water in South Africa |
| title_sort | benchtop investigation into the removal of fungicide from citrus packhouse wash water in south africa |
| topic | Citrus fruits -- Postharvest technology Agricultural pollution Pesticides -- Environmental aspects Water reuse -- South Africa UCTD |
| url | https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/131676 |
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