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Essential oils and fenugreek cotyledon extract as natural alternatives to ionophore antibiotics: the effect on growth performance, carcass quality and profitability in feedlot cattle
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2025.
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
2025
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author | Eksteen, Liana |
| author2 | Van Zyl, Johan Hendrik Combrink
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| author_browse | Eksteen, Liana Van Zyl, Johan Hendrik Combrink |
| author_facet | Van Zyl, Johan Hendrik Combrink
Eksteen, Liana |
| author_sort | Eksteen, Liana |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | Stellenbosch University |
| description | Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2025. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/132172 |
| institution | Stellenbosch University (South Africa) |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:43:20.403Z |
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| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publishDateRange | 2025 |
| publishDateSort | 2025 |
| publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| publisherStr | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
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| spelling | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/132172 Essential oils and fenugreek cotyledon extract as natural alternatives to ionophore antibiotics: the effect on growth performance, carcass quality and profitability in feedlot cattle Eksteen, Liana Van Zyl, Johan Hendrik Combrink Cruywagen, C. W. Stellenbosch University. Faculty of AgriSciences. Dept. of Animal Science. Hurter, Liana Cattle -- Feeding and feeds Ionophores Cattle -- Feed utilization efficiency Cattle -- Carcasses -- Quality Antibiotics in animal nutrition Fenugreek Essential oils Feed additives -- Health aspects Feedlots UCTD Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2025. Eksteen, L. 2025. Essential oils and fenugreek cotyledon extract as natural alternatives to ionophore antibiotics: the effect on growth performance, carcass quality and profitability in feedlot cattle. Unpublished masters thesis. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University [online]. Available: https://scholar.sun.ac.za/items/59d98839-55c0-4e46-b0da-ec7d57572f8a ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ionophore antibiotics have been used globally in the cattle feedlot industry as growth promoters for many years. Monensin is the most widely used ionophore antibiotic to improve animal performance by enhancing the efficiency of feed utilisation. However, following global increased consumer awareness of the development of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal farming has been widely debated. As a result, research into alternatives to antibiotics is imperative. Phytogenic feed additives are regarded as viable alternatives due to their natural antimicrobial activities. This study aimed to investigate and compare the effects of a commercial essential oil (EO) compound (most likely containing eugenol, capsicum oil and cinnamaldehyde), two different inclusions of fenugreek cotyledon extract and a combination of the EO compound and fenugreek cotyledon extract against ionophores only (monensin), no supplementation, or the full sprectrum of standard supplementation on the growth-, fifth quarter, carcass and profitability parameters of feedlot cattle. A total of 112 Holstein steers weighing 309.65 ± 19.46 (SEM) kg were randomly assigned to one of seven treatment groups: (i) negative control (NC), (ii) positive control (PC; monensin at 33 ppm; tylosin phosphate at 10 ppm; growth hormone placed at processing; and Salbutamol at 0.15 g/head per day during the finisher phase), (iii) monensin only (MON; 33 ppm), (iv) a commercial EO blend (EOM; 1.2 g/head per day), (v) a low inclusion of fenugreek cotyledon extract (FGL; 60 g/head per day), (vi) a high inclusion of fenugreek cotyledon extract (FGH; 120 g/head per day) and (vii) a combination of the commercial EO blend and a low inclusion of fenugreek cotyledon extract (EOM + FGL; essential oil blend at 1.2 g/head per day; fenugreek cotyledon extract at 60 g/head per day). Over 105 days, each treatment group’s average dry matter intake (DMI) and individual growth were recorded, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and kleiber ratio (KR) were subsequently calculated. Before slaughter, real-time ultrasound (RTU) scanning was performed. After slaughter, the warm carcass weight (WCW) was measured, followed by calculation of the cold carcass weight (CCW) and dressing percentage (DP). Rumen scores and liver abscess scores were determined and recorded at the abattoir. A cost-benefit analysis was subsequently performed. In the first part of the study, it was found that cattle from the PC group surpassed all other treatment groups. The total growth performance of cattle in the EOM, FGL, FGH and EOM + FGL treatment groups was significantly lower (P < 0.05) compared to the NC and MON groups. This would suggest that the phytogenic treatment groups experienced impeded growth. Apart from growth performance in the starter phase, no significant differences were found among treatments in terms of growth parameters, except for the PC treatment where animals were found to be the most productive. Due to the lack of significant differences among the NC, MON and EOM, FGL, FGH and EOM + FGL treatments, it was concluded that this specific combination of EOs and fenugreek cotyledon extract cannot be used as a natural alternative to monensin in cattle feedlot diets without impeding growth/production. This conclusion merits more research to establish the correct type, dose, and concentration of specific EOs and other phytogenic feed additives. The lack of significant differences in growth between the NC and MON groups suggested an absence of effect from monensin supplementation alone. Monensin is a standard inclusion in feedlot diets, and therefore, the synergistic effects of monensin and other performance-enhancing technologies in cattle feedlot diets should be studied more in-depth. In the final part of the study, animals from the PC group surpassed all other treatment groups in terms of CCW, carcass income and margin-over-specified cost. Excluding PC, cattle from all the other treatment groups made a net financial loss; therefore, the expenses to produce these animals exceeded the income they provided due to poor performance. No statistically significant differences were found in the rumen- or liver abscess scores. It was concluded that only the PC treatment group delivered profitable animals and is thus the recommended treatment for South African beef cattle feedlots. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ionofoor-antibiotika word al vir baie jare wêreldwyd in die beesvoerkraalbedryf as groeibevorderaars gebruik. Monensien is die gewildste ionofoor-antibiotikum om diereprestasie te verbeter deur die doeltreffendheid van voerbenutting te verbeter. Na aanleiding van 'n wêreldwye toename in verbruikersbewustheid van die ontwikkeling van antibiotika-weerstandigheid in menslike patogene, is die gebruik van antibiotika as groeibevorderaars in diereproduksie wyd ondersoek. Gevolglik is navorsing oor natuurlike alternatiewe vir antibiotika noodsaaklik. Voerbymiddels van plant oorsprong word as ‘n haalbare alternatief beskou as gevolg van hul natuurlike antimikrobiese aktiwiteite Hierdie studie het ten doel gehad om die effekte van ‘n kommersiële essensiële olie (EO) mengsel (wat heel moontlik eugenol, soetrissie olie en kaneelaldehied bevat), twee verskillende insluitings van fenegriek saadlob-ekstrak (FGSE) en ‘n kombinasie van die EO-mengsel en FGSE te ondersoek en te vergelyk teenoor slegs ionofore (monensien), geen aanvulling, of die volle spektrum van standaardaanvulling op die groei-, vyfde kwart, karkas- en winsgewendheidparameters van voerkraalbeeste. ‘n Totaal van 112 Holstein- Fries osse met ‘n massa van 309.65 ± 19.46 (SF) kg is ewekansig aan een van sewe behandelingsgroepe toegeken: (i) negatiewe kontrole (NC), (ii) positiewe kontrole (PC; monensien teen 33 dpm; tylosien fosfaat teen 10 dpm; groeihormoon geplaas tydens prosessering; en Salbutamol teen 0.15g/kop per dag gedurende die afrondingsfase), (iii) slegs monensien (MON; 33 dpm), (iv) ‘n kommersiële EO mengsel (EOM; 1.2g/kop per dag), (v) ‘n lae insluiting van FGSE (FGL; 60g/kop per dag), (vi) ‘n hoë insluiting van FGSE (FGH; 120g/kop per dag) (vii) of ‘n kombinasie van die kommersiële EO-mengsel en ‘n lae insluiting van FGSE (EOM + FGL; EO- mengsel teen 1.2g/kop per dag; fenegriek saadlob-ekstrak teen 60g/kop per dag). Elke behandelingsgroep se gemiddelde droëmateriaal-inname (DMI) en individuele groei is oor 'n eksperimentele periode van 105 dae aangeteken, en vervolgens is die voeromsetverhouding (VOV) en kleiberverhouding (KV) bereken. Voor slag is 'n intydse ultraklankskandering (ITU) uitgevoer. Na slag is die warm karkasmassa (WKM) gemeet, gevolg deur die berekening van die koue karkasmassa (KKM) en uitslagpersentasie (UP). Rumenwand letseltellings en lewerabsestellings is by die slagpale aangeteken. Vervolgens is was ‘n koste-voordeel-analise uitgevoer. In die eerste deel van die studie is bevind dat beeste in die PC groep beter as al die ander behandelingsgroepe presteer het. Die totale groei van beeste in die EOM, FGL, FGH en EOM + FGL behandelings was betekenisvol (P < 0.05) laer as dié in die NC en MON groepe. Dit is 'n aanduiding dat die behandelingsgroepe wat bymiddels van plant-oorsprong bevat het, belemmerde groei ervaar het. Behalwe vir die eerste fase, is geen statisties betekenisvolle verskille in groeiprestasie in die onderskeie fases tussen die NC, MON, EOM, FGL, FGH of EOM + FGL behandelings waargeneem nie. Die PC groep het die mees produktiewe beeste tot gevolg gehad. Weens die gebrek aan betekenisvolle verskille in groei tussen NC, MON en EOM, FGL, FGH en EOM + FGL, is daar tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat hierdie kombinasie van EOs en FGSE nie in voerkraaldiëte vir beeste gebruik kan word as ‘n natuurlike alternatief vir monensien sonder om groeiprestasie te belemmer nie. Hierdie gevolgtrekking verdien meer navorsing om die korrekte tipe, dosis en konsentrasie van spesifieke EOs en ander voerbymiddels van plantoorsprong te bepaal. Die gebrek aan betekenisvolle verskille in groei tussen die NC en MON groepe verteenwoordig ‘n oënskynlike afwesigheid van die effek van monensien-aanvulling. Monensien is ‘n standaard insluiting, en daarom moet die sinergistiese uitwerking van monensien en ander prestasie-verbeterende tegnologieë in bees voerkraaldiëte dieper bestudeer word. In die finale deel van die studie het die PC groep betekenisvol beter as die ander groepe presteer in terme van KKM, UP, karkasinkomste en marge-bo-gespesifiseerde koste. Behalwe vir die PC groep, het beeste vanaf al die ander behandelingsgroepe ‘n netto ekonomiese verlies gemaak. Derhalwe het die uitgawes om hierdie beeste te produseer die inkomste wat hulle gerealiseer het weens swak groeiprestasie oorskry. Geen statisties betekenisvolle verskille in die rumen-wand tellings of lewerabses tellings is tussen behandelings waargeneem nie. Die gevolgtrekking is gemaak dat slegs die PC behandelingsgroep winsgewende diere tot gevolg gehad het en dit is dus die enigste behandeling wat aanbeveel kan word vir Suid-Afrikaanse vleisbeesvoerkrale. Masters 2025-05-28T12:57:52Z 2025-05-28T12:57:52Z 2025-03 Thesis https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/132172 en Stellenbosch University 141 pages : illustrations application/pdf Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| spellingShingle | Cattle -- Feeding and feeds Ionophores Cattle -- Feed utilization efficiency Cattle -- Carcasses -- Quality Antibiotics in animal nutrition Fenugreek Essential oils Feed additives -- Health aspects Feedlots UCTD Eksteen, Liana Essential oils and fenugreek cotyledon extract as natural alternatives to ionophore antibiotics: the effect on growth performance, carcass quality and profitability in feedlot cattle |
| title | Essential oils and fenugreek cotyledon extract as natural alternatives to ionophore antibiotics: the effect on growth performance, carcass quality and profitability in feedlot cattle |
| title_full | Essential oils and fenugreek cotyledon extract as natural alternatives to ionophore antibiotics: the effect on growth performance, carcass quality and profitability in feedlot cattle |
| title_fullStr | Essential oils and fenugreek cotyledon extract as natural alternatives to ionophore antibiotics: the effect on growth performance, carcass quality and profitability in feedlot cattle |
| title_full_unstemmed | Essential oils and fenugreek cotyledon extract as natural alternatives to ionophore antibiotics: the effect on growth performance, carcass quality and profitability in feedlot cattle |
| title_short | Essential oils and fenugreek cotyledon extract as natural alternatives to ionophore antibiotics: the effect on growth performance, carcass quality and profitability in feedlot cattle |
| title_sort | essential oils and fenugreek cotyledon extract as natural alternatives to ionophore antibiotics the effect on growth performance carcass quality and profitability in feedlot cattle |
| topic | Cattle -- Feeding and feeds Ionophores Cattle -- Feed utilization efficiency Cattle -- Carcasses -- Quality Antibiotics in animal nutrition Fenugreek Essential oils Feed additives -- Health aspects Feedlots UCTD |
| url | https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/132172 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT eksteenliana essentialoilsandfenugreekcotyledonextractasnaturalalternativestoionophoreantibioticstheeffectongrowthperformancecarcassqualityandprofitabilityinfeedlotcattle |