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Investigation of tuberculosis in domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) in KwaZulu-Natal
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2025.
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
2025
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| _version_ | 1867613774506098688 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author | Cooke, Deborah Margaret |
| author2 | Miller, Michele Ann |
| author_browse | Cooke, Deborah Margaret Miller, Michele Ann |
| author_facet | Miller, Michele Ann Cooke, Deborah Margaret |
| author_sort | Cooke, Deborah Margaret |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | Stellenbosch University |
| description | Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2025.
|
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/134088 |
| institution | Stellenbosch University (South Africa) |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:41:29.531Z |
| license_str | Other — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publishDateRange | 2025 |
| publishDateSort | 2025 |
| publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| publisherStr | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| spelling | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/134088 Investigation of tuberculosis in domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) in KwaZulu-Natal Cooke, Deborah Margaret Miller, Michele Ann Goosen, Wynand Johan Witte, Carmel Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Dept. of Biomedical Sciences. Molecular Biology and Human Genetics. Tuberculosis in goats -- KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) Veterinary epidemiology -- KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) Capra aegagrus -- -- KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) Domestic animals -- Diseases -- KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2025. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In South Africa (SA), animal tuberculosis (TB) control programs predominantly focus on domestic cattle and to a lesser extent, some wildlife. Despite increasing global reports of TB in goats (Capra hircus), testing and surveillance in domestic rural goats in SA is not common practise. Left undetected, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) infected goats may hinder TB eradication efforts in cattle, cause mortality or morbidity in goats, and increase zoonotic risk to humans. This study aimed to determine if there was any evidence of M. bovis infection in goats sharing pastures and communal drinking points with known M. bovis infected cattle, and, occurring in the same area as MTBC infected wildlife and humans. Using a cohort of historically TB-negative commercial dairy goats as an M. bovis unexposed control group, immunological and molecular methods for MTBC detection were utilized. The performance of the Department of Agriculture, Land reform and Rural Development's (DALRRD) prescribed single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test (SICCT) was evaluated and indicated a low M. bovis prevalence (3%) among the M. bovis exposed goat population. QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT) anti-bovine cytokine release assays (interferon gamma release assay, IGRA, and interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 release assay, IPRA) were also evaluated but showed poor responses and were therefore unable to reliably detect immune sensitization in M. bovis exposed goats. In the absence of post-mortem tissue samples for gold standard culture confirmation of M. bovis infection, nasal swabs were collected from each goat for mycobacterial culture and culture-independent MTBC DNA detection. The Cepheid GeneXpert® MTB/RIF Ultra assay (ULTRA) qPCR assay successfully identified MTBC DNA in goat respiratory samples, demonstrating its potential for rapid screening. A Bayesian latent class analysis was performed using IGRA, IPRA, SICCT, and ULTRA results to estimate potential infection prevalence, test sensitivities, and test specificities. The outcome of this analysis estimated the infection prevalence among the M. bovis exposed goats at 1.1%. Viable M. bovis were detected by genus-specific PCRs and Sanger sequencing in 3 nasal swab cultures from the M. bovis exposed goat population, with culture-independent techniques and deep sequencing using region of difference (RD) PCR also confirming the presence of M. bovis DNA in the 3 culture-positive and an additional 8 swabs from M. bovis-exposed goats. Immunologicalevidence of infection using the SICCT was detected in 82% of goats that had M. bovis DNA in their nasal swabs. The findings of this study confirm the presence of M. bovis infection among communal goats in the Umkhanyakude district of Northern Zululand, KwaZulu-Natal, SA. The high burden of HIV in these areas increases susceptibility to zoonotic infections like M. bovis, particularly among livestock owners who have daily contact with these goats. Goats may well be an under recognized threat to animal TB control efforts in SA, highlighting the need for further investigations and a multi-species, One Health approach for effective animal TB surveillance and control in SA. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In Suid-Afrika (SA) fokus dieretuberkulose (TB) beheerprogramme hoofsaaklik op huishoudelike beeste en in 'n mindere mate op sekere wildspesies. Ondanks toenemende wereldwye verslae van TB in bokke (Capra hircus), is toetsing en toesig in plaaslike huishoudelike bokke in SA nie algemene praktyk nie. Ongemerkte Mycobacterium tuberculosis-kompleks (MTBC) besmette bokke kan TB-uitwissing in beeste belemmer, sterftes of morbiditeit in bokke veroorsaak, en die risiko van soönose vir mense verhoog. Hierdie studie het probeer vas te stel of daar enige bewyse van M. bovis-infeksie was in bokke wat weivelde en gemeenskaplike drinkpunte deel met bekende M. bovis besmette beeste, en wat in dieselfde area as MTBC besmette wild en mense voorkom. Deur 'n kudde van historiese TB-negatiewe kommersiële melkkudde as 'n M. bovis-onblootgestelde kontrolegroep te gebruik, is immunologiese en molekulêre metodes vir MTBC-opsporing toegepas. Die Departement van Landbou, Grondhervorming en Landelike Ontwikkeling (DALRRD) se voorgeskrewe enkel intradermaal vergelykende servikale tuberkulientoets (SICCT) is geëvalueer en het 'n lae M. bovis voorkomsyfer van 3% onder die M. bovis blootgestelde bokpopulasie aangedui. Die QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT) bees sitokien vrystellingstoetse (interferon gamma vrystellingstoets, IGRA, en interferon gamma-induseerbare proteïen 10 vrystellingstoets, IPRA) is ook geëvalueer maar het swak reaksies getoon en was dus nie in staat om betroubaar immuun-sensitisering in M. bovis blootgestelde bokke op te tel nie. In die afwesigheid van na-doodse weefselmonsters vir kultuur-bevestiging van M. bovis-infeksie, is nasale depper-monsters van elke bok geneem vir kultuur en kultuur-onafhanklike MTBC DNA deteksie. Die Cepheid GeneXpert® MTB/RIF Ultra-toets (ULTRA) qPCR-toets het suksesvol MTBC DNA in bok se respiratoriese monsters geïdentifiseer, wat die potensiaal vir vinnige sifting toon. 'n Bayesian latente klas analise is uitgevoer met behulp van IGRA, IPRA, SICCT, en ULTRA resultate om potensiële infeksie voorkoms, toets sensitiwiteite, en toets spesifisiteite te bepaal. Die uitslae van hierdie analise het die infeksie voorkoms onder die M. bovis blootgestelde bokke op 1.1% geskat. Lewende M. bovis is deur genus-spesifieke PCR's en Sanger-volgordebepaling in 3 nasale depper kulture van die M. bovis blootgestelde bokpopulasie gevind, met kultuur-onafhanklike tegnieke en diepvolgordebepaling met behulp van “Region of Difference PCR” wat ook die teenwoordigheid van M. bovis DNA in die 3 kultuurpositiewe en 'n bykomende 8 deppermonsters van M. bovis-blootgestelde bokke bevestig het. Immunologiese bewys van infeksie met behulp van die SICCT is in 82% van bokke wat M. bovis DNA in hul nasale deppermonsters gehad het, op getel. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie bevestig die teenwoordigheid van M. bovis-infeksie onder gemeenskapsbokke in die Umkhanyakude-distrik van Noord-Zululand, KwaZulu-Natal, SA. Die hoë las van MIV in hierdie areas verhoog die vatbaarheid vir soönotiese infeksies soos byvoorbeeld deur M. bovis, veral onder veë-eienaars wat daagliks kontak met hierdie bokke het. Bokke kan 'n ondergewaardeerde bedreiging vir diere TB beheerpogings in SA wees, wat die behoefte aan verdere ondersoeke en 'n multi-spesie, ”One Health”-benadering vir effektiewe diere TB toesig en beheer in SA beklemtoon. 2025-10-08T09:04:19Z 2025-10-08T09:04:19Z 2025-03 Thesis https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/134088 en Stellenbosch University xvi, 241 pages : illustrations application/pdf Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| spellingShingle | Tuberculosis in goats -- KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) Veterinary epidemiology -- KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) Capra aegagrus -- -- KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) Domestic animals -- Diseases -- KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) Cooke, Deborah Margaret Investigation of tuberculosis in domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) in KwaZulu-Natal |
| title | Investigation of tuberculosis in domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) in KwaZulu-Natal |
| title_full | Investigation of tuberculosis in domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) in KwaZulu-Natal |
| title_fullStr | Investigation of tuberculosis in domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) in KwaZulu-Natal |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigation of tuberculosis in domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) in KwaZulu-Natal |
| title_short | Investigation of tuberculosis in domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) in KwaZulu-Natal |
| title_sort | investigation of tuberculosis in domestic goats capra aegagrus hircus in kwazulu natal |
| topic | Tuberculosis in goats -- KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) Veterinary epidemiology -- KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) Capra aegagrus -- -- KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) Domestic animals -- Diseases -- KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) |
| url | https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/134088 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cookedeborahmargaret investigationoftuberculosisindomesticgoatscapraaegagrushircusinkwazulunatal |