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A systematic analysis of the barriers to increased vaccine production in Africa
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2025.
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
2025
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| _version_ | 1867614083892641792 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author | Landsberg, Wehann |
| author2 | Bam, Louzanne |
| author_browse | Bam, Louzanne Landsberg, Wehann |
| author_facet | Bam, Louzanne Landsberg, Wehann |
| author_sort | Landsberg, Wehann |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | Stellenbosch University |
| description | Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2025. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/134668 |
| institution | Stellenbosch University (South Africa) |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:46:23.902Z |
| license_str | Other — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publishDateRange | 2025 |
| publishDateSort | 2025 |
| publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| publisherStr | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| spelling | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/134668 A systematic analysis of the barriers to increased vaccine production in Africa Landsberg, Wehann Bam, Louzanne Bam, Wouter G. Zincume, Philani Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Engineering. Dept. of Industrial Engineering. Vaccines industry -- Africa Primary health care -- Africa Drug factories -- Africa COVID-19 vaccines -- Africa Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2025. Landsberg, W. 2025. A systematic analysis of the barriers to increased vaccine production in Africa. Unpublished masters thesis. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University [online]. Available: https://scholar.sun.ac.za/items/d5838272-27ae-49d7-82a5-56cf6567e45f ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Vaccines are among the most effective tools in modern medicine. Beyond saving millions of lives each year, they lay a foundation for primary health care and have far-reaching socioeconomic benefits. However, the COVID-19 pandemic starkly revealed how developing African nations remain vulnerable during global crises due to their dependence on imported vaccines and limited access to timely medical interventions. To improve autonomy and ensure equitable health outcomes, African nations must develop the capacity to manufacture a greater proportion of their vaccine consumption. A strategic initiative—the Partnerships for African Vaccine Manufacturing (PAVM)—launched by the African Union and coordinated by the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), has set an ambitious target of locally producing 60% of the continent’s vaccine needs by 2040. Advancing toward this target requires a clearer understanding of the challenges limiting the expansion of vaccine manufacturing capacity on the continent. This study provides a synthesised overview of the challenges impacting the sustainable expansion of vaccine manufacturing capacity in Africa based on the current body of knowledge and insights from subject matter experts (SMEs), also exploring which of these challenges remain contested or underexplored. Additionally, it evaluates the primary limiting factors to African vaccine industry development and assesses the utility of the Location Determinant Evaluation Framework (LDEF) when applied as a guiding framework to a study that considers a continental unit of analysis. A narrative literature review was conducted to establish foundational knowledge of the global vaccine market and industry-specific challenges. Following this, a systematic review, guided by the LDEF, was undertaken where key themes from academic literature were coded and analysed in ATLAS.ti. This systematic review identified contested and underexplored areas of research in the literature. These insights, together with the LDEF and narrative review findings, informed the development of an interview guide. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten SMEs. Using ATLAS.ti, their responses to the interview questions were analysed to compare and contrast expert perspectives. The study found strong consensus among SMEs on several critical questions. For example, it was established that producing solely for domestic markets is not feasible, and neglected tropical diseases are generally not viable market entry points for developing country vaccine manufacturers (DCVMs). However, other areas, such as the degree to which population growth will contribute to a strong business case, the potential for an advance market commitment to increase the success of DCVMs, and viable avenues toward sustainable local production, remained contested or underexplored in existing research. The study also identified key industry challenges currently impeding progress. Notably, collaboration among African governments and political commitment were identified as primary challenges. These findings highlighted specific areas where future research could add value, such as proposing policy interventions that address the barriers identified in this study and exploring collaboration strategies that would lead to more effective coordination by minimising governmental competition. Finally, the study reflected on the utility of the LDEF, noting the strengths and limitations of the framework’s application in this study. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inentings is van die mees effektiewe instrumente in moderne medisyne. Afgesien daarvan dat inentings miljoene lewens jaarliks red, vorm dit ook ‘n grondslag vir primˆere gesondheidsorgen het verreikende sosio-ekonomiese voordele. Die COVID-19-pandemie het egter duidelik getoon hoe ontwikkelende Afrika-lande kwesbaar bly tydens wˆereldwye gesondheidskrisisse as gevolg van hul afhanklikheid van ingevoerde inentings en beperkte toegang tot tydige mediese ntervensies. Om outonomie te verbeter en billike gesondheidsuitkomste te verseker, moet Afrika-lande die kapasiteit ontwikkel om ’n groter persentasie van hul entstofverbruik te vervaardig. ’n Strategiese inisiatief – die “Partnerships for African Vaccine Manufacturing” – wat deur die AfrikaUnie van stapel gestuur is en deur die “Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention” geko¨ordineer is, het die ambisieuse teiken gestel om teen 2040 60% van die kontinent se entstofbehoeftes plaaslik te produseer. Ten einde hierdie teiken te bereik, word daar ’n duideliker begrip vereis van die uitdagings wat die ontwikkeling van entstofvervaardigingskapasiteit op die kontinent beperk. Hierdie studie bied ’n gesintetiseer oorsig van die uitdagings wat die volhoubare ontwikkeling van entstofvervaardigingskapasiteit in Afrika be¨ınvloed, gebaseer op bestaande literatuur en insigte van vakkundiges. Die studie ondersoek ook watter uitdagings steeds betwiste of onderontginde onderwerpe is. Verder evalueer dit die primˆere beperkende faktore vir die ontwikkeling van die Afrika-entstofbedryf en beoordeel die nut van die “Location Determinant Evaluation Framework” (LDEF) wanneer dit toegepas word as ’n leidende raamwerk vir ’n studie wat ’n kontinentale eenheid van analise oorweeg. ’n Narratiewe literatuuroorsig was uitgevoer om fundamentele kennis van die globale entstofmark en bedryfspesifieke uitdagings te vestig. Hierna was ’n sistematiese literatuuroorsig, gelei deur die LDEF, onderneem, waar sleuteltemas uit akademiese literatuur gekodeer en geanaliseer was in ATLAS.ti. Hierdie sistematiese literatuuroorsig het betwiste en onderontginde navorsingsgebiede in die literatuur ge¨ıdentifiseer. Hierdie insigte, tesame met die LDEF en narratiewe oorsigbevindinge, het die ontwikkeling van ’n onderhoudgids ingelig. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude was met vakkundiges uit gevoer. Deur gebruik te maak van ATLAS.ti, was diegene se antwoorde op die onderhoudvrae geanaliseer om kundige perspektiewe te vergelyk en te kontrasteer. Die studie het sterk konsensus onder vakkundiges oor verskeie vrae gevind. Daar is, byvoorbeeld, vasgestel dat plaaslike entstofproduksie uitsluitlik vir binnelandse Afrika-markte nie volhoubaar is nie, en dat ”neglected tropical diseases” oor die algemeen nie lewensvatbare marktoegangspunte is vir entstofvervaardigers in ontwikkelende lande (DCVM’s) nie. Ander gebiede, soos die impak wat bevolkingsgroei op lewensvatbare besigheidsake sal hˆe, die potensiaal vir ’n “advance market commitment” om die sukses van DCVM’s te verhoog, en gangbare ontwikkelingsroetes na volhoubare plaaslike produksie, is egter steeds onderontgin of betwis in bestaande navorsing. Die studie het ook sleuteluitdagings in die bedryf ge¨ıdentifiseer wat tans vordering belemmer. Samewerking tussen Afrika-regerings en politieke verbintenis is onder andere as primˆere uitdagings ge¨ıdentifiseer. Hierdie bevindinge het spesifieke areas uitgelig waar toekomstige navorsing waarde kan toevoeg, soos om beleidsintervensies voor te stel wat die hindernisse, ge¨ıdentifiseer in hierdie studie, aanspreek en samewerkingsstrategie¨e te ondersoek wat tot meer effektiewe ko¨ordinering sal lei deur regeringsmededinging te minimaliseer. Ter afsluiting het die studie ook besin oor die sterk punte en beperkings van die LDEF se toepassing. Masters 2025-12-22T13:45:36Z 2025-12-22T13:45:36Z 2025-12 Thesis https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/134668 en Stellenbosch University xix, 159 pages application/pdf Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| spellingShingle | Vaccines industry -- Africa Primary health care -- Africa Drug factories -- Africa COVID-19 vaccines -- Africa Landsberg, Wehann A systematic analysis of the barriers to increased vaccine production in Africa |
| title | A systematic analysis of the barriers to increased vaccine production in Africa |
| title_full | A systematic analysis of the barriers to increased vaccine production in Africa |
| title_fullStr | A systematic analysis of the barriers to increased vaccine production in Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed | A systematic analysis of the barriers to increased vaccine production in Africa |
| title_short | A systematic analysis of the barriers to increased vaccine production in Africa |
| title_sort | systematic analysis of the barriers to increased vaccine production in africa |
| topic | Vaccines industry -- Africa Primary health care -- Africa Drug factories -- Africa COVID-19 vaccines -- Africa |
| url | https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/134668 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT landsbergwehann asystematicanalysisofthebarrierstoincreasedvaccineproductioninafrica AT landsbergwehann systematicanalysisofthebarrierstoincreasedvaccineproductioninafrica |