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US sanctions against South Africa : a historical analysis of the Sanctions Campaign and its political implications ,1946-1993
Dissertation (D. Phil.) -- University of Stellenbosch, 1994.
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
2012
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| _version_ | 1867613876716044288 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author | De Villiers, Lourens Erasmus Smit |
| author2 | Van Zyl, D. J. |
| author_browse | De Villiers, Lourens Erasmus Smit Van Zyl, D. J. |
| author_facet | Van Zyl, D. J. De Villiers, Lourens Erasmus Smit |
| author_sort | De Villiers, Lourens Erasmus Smit |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | Stellenbosch University |
| description | Dissertation (D. Phil.) -- University of Stellenbosch, 1994. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/58624 |
| institution | Stellenbosch University (South Africa) |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:43:06.958Z |
| license_str | Other — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateRange | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| publisherStr | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| spelling | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/58624 US sanctions against South Africa : a historical analysis of the Sanctions Campaign and its political implications ,1946-1993 De Villiers, Lourens Erasmus Smit Van Zyl, D. J. Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of History. Economic sanctions, American Economic sanctions -- South Africa United States -- Foreign relations -- South Africa South Africa -- Foreign relations -- United States Dissertations -- History Dissertation (D. Phil.) -- University of Stellenbosch, 1994. This study follows the American sanctions campaign from its earliest beginnings in the immediate postwar years through the adoption and eventual lifting of punitive measures against South Africa. It reviews domestic and foreign developments that impacted on relations between the two countries and ultimately led to the erection of near-total economic barrier. This historical review serves as the basis for an informed assessment of the ultimate impact of US sanctions on political developments in South Africa. The first attempt to isolate South Africa economically dates back to the mid-forties when India applied sanctions of its own and appealed to other nations to follow suit. Failing to make an impact as others ignored its plea. India proceeded with its case to the United Nations. It soon became evident that UN sanctions resolutions without the support of South Africa's major Western business partners - especially the United States who could coerce the other into conformity - amounted to little more than rhetorical retribution. Since the fifties anti-apartheid forces in the UN, the US and elsewhere, have been clamoring for American support of tough economic sanctions against South Africa as the only effective means to "end apartheid". They settled on this strategy as they realized that South Africa's formidable defense capability made it an unlikely target for military takeover without direct involvement by one of the superpowers. After the inaction of the Truman and Eisenhower Administrations despite early pressures for sanctions (Chapters 1 and 2). john Kennedy became the first American president to impose sanctions in 1963. This was done reluctantly in an effort to appease black Americans and a growing number of newly independent African states, (Chapter 3). Despite considerable public posturing by successive American Administrations from Johnson through Nixon and Ford, economic relations between the two countries were allowed to flourish and expand. Even the sanctions threats of the Carter Administration turned out to be relatively harmless as it merely chose to reaffirm the existing UN arms embargo while blocking several sanctions measures proposed by Congress, (Chapter 5). the major portion of this study concerns the Reagan years, when a conservative president, totally opposed to sanctions, was forced to adopt preemtive punitive measures of his own before eventually suffering a crushing defeat as Congress adopted tough sanctions under the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act (CAAA) 1986, (Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10). In the end, however, the sanctions of the markets may have been more devastating than official sanctions as foreign business responded negatively to persistent violence and a sagging South African economy, (Chapters 11 and 12). In February 1990, President De Klerk set in motion dramatic changes that brought South Africa into full compliance with the conditions set by the CAAA. First the sanctions imposed under CAAA were lifted and eventually, after Nelson Mandela gave the signal and President Clinton signed the SA Democratic Transition Support Act in November 1993, (Chapter 13, 14 and 15). The exact measure in which sanctions, and more specifically US sanctions, forced President F.W. de Klerk's hand, will long remain a subject for fierce debate. Was it surrender or smart strategy, or both? This study attempts to provide an objective historic basis for informed future debate. Doctoral 2012-08-27T11:39:04Z 2012-08-27T11:39:04Z 1994 Thesis http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/58624 en Stellenbosch University 501 pages application/pdf Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| spellingShingle | Economic sanctions, American Economic sanctions -- South Africa United States -- Foreign relations -- South Africa South Africa -- Foreign relations -- United States Dissertations -- History De Villiers, Lourens Erasmus Smit US sanctions against South Africa : a historical analysis of the Sanctions Campaign and its political implications ,1946-1993 |
| title | US sanctions against South Africa : a historical analysis of the Sanctions Campaign and its political implications ,1946-1993 |
| title_full | US sanctions against South Africa : a historical analysis of the Sanctions Campaign and its political implications ,1946-1993 |
| title_fullStr | US sanctions against South Africa : a historical analysis of the Sanctions Campaign and its political implications ,1946-1993 |
| title_full_unstemmed | US sanctions against South Africa : a historical analysis of the Sanctions Campaign and its political implications ,1946-1993 |
| title_short | US sanctions against South Africa : a historical analysis of the Sanctions Campaign and its political implications ,1946-1993 |
| title_sort | us sanctions against south africa a historical analysis of the sanctions campaign and its political implications 1946 1993 |
| topic | Economic sanctions, American Economic sanctions -- South Africa United States -- Foreign relations -- South Africa South Africa -- Foreign relations -- United States Dissertations -- History |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/58624 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT devillierslourenserasmussmit ussanctionsagainstsouthafricaahistoricalanalysisofthesanctionscampaignanditspoliticalimplications19461993 |