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The Non‑Penalization Machine: Mixed Movements in a Security‑driven European Border Order

This thesis investigates how the non‑penalization principle for irregular border crossing is formally upheld yet effectively undermined in contemporary migration governance. It argues that non‑penalization now operates as a narrow, conditional and status‑dependent “machine” whose protections are fra...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Elessawy, Raghda
Format: Thesis
Published: AUC Knowledge Fountain 2026
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