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Impact of low-frequency high-power ultrasound on spoilage and potentially pathogenic dairy microbes
Thesis (PhD (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
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Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch
2008
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| _version_ | 1867614087883522048 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author | Cameron, Michelle |
| author2 | Britz, T. J. |
| author_browse | Britz, T. J. Cameron, Michelle |
| author_facet | Britz, T. J. Cameron, Michelle |
| author_sort | Cameron, Michelle |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | University of Stellenbosch |
| description | Thesis (PhD (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/1163 |
| institution | Stellenbosch University (South Africa) |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:46:28.519Z |
| license_str | Other — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateRange | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch |
| publisherStr | Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| spelling | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/1163 Impact of low-frequency high-power ultrasound on spoilage and potentially pathogenic dairy microbes Cameron, Michelle Britz, T. J. McMaster, L. D. University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Agrisciences. Dept. of Food Science. Theses -- Food science Dissertations -- Food science Dairy products -- Contamination Milk contamination Dairy microbiology Ultrasonic waves -- Industrial applications Food Science Thesis (PhD (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. Thermal pasteurisation failures in the dairy industry have often been found to cause end-products of poor quality and short shelf-life. Therefore, alternative methods to eliminate microbial contaminants in raw milk are being studied. Ultrasonication is one such non-thermal technology that could offer the dairy industry an alternative to traditional pasteurisation. The main objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the use of high-power lowfrequency ultrasound (20 kHz, 750 W, 124 μm) applied in batch mode to eliminate a selection of spoilage and potentially pathogenic microbes, commonly associated with milk. These included Gram-positive and negative microbes, comprising of rods and cocci, an endospore-former, and a yeast (Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Chryseobacterium meningosepticum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Three strains of E. coli (1 x 106 cfu.ml-1) tested, viz. ATCC 11775, a wild strain from raw milk, and an O157:H7 strain from milk were sensitive to ultrasonication. Complete elimination of viable cells occurred within 10 min. Viable counts of P. fluorescens were reduced by 100% within 6 min of ultrasonication and L. monocytogenes was reduced by 99.0% within 10 min. Lactococcus lactis was reduced by 97.0% and M. luteus, B. cereus and C. meningosepticum by 88.0%, 87.0% and 85.0% respectively. Lactobacillus acidophilus showed the most resistance to ultrasound with only 78.0% of viable cells being eliminated. Under similar conditions, S. cerevisiae was reduced by 99.7%. Microbial cell morphology, size and Gram status did not necessarily influence the efficacy of ultrasonication. Sterile saline solution and UHT milk were used as the suspension media, and the reputed protective effect of milk fat was not observed under the parameters used in this study. A higher wave amplitude (100%; 124 μm) was found to be more efficient in eliminating microbes than a lower wave amplitude (50%; 62 μm). Pulsed-ultrasonication did not enhance the efficiency of ultrasonication indicating that standing waves were absent. Limited success was achieved by ultrasonication itself, and the long batch treatment time (10 min or more) was found to be unrealistic for industrial implementation. Hence the simultaneous application of ultrasound and heat (thermoultrasonication) was examined. Thermo-ultrasonication proved to be more effective than either an ultrasonic or heat treatment with all viable M. luteus cells being eliminated within 4 min (100% amplitude at 72°C). Similarly, to eliminate E. coli and Lb. acidophilus from milk, only 2 min and 4 min thermo-ultrasonication was required, respectively. Bacillus cereus endospores remained resistant and after a 10 min thermo-ultrasonic treatment only 78.04% were eliminated. During this investigation both extensive surface (SEM) and internal (TEM) cell damage caused by ultrasonication were observed in E. coli, Lb. acidophilus and S. cerevisiae. Hence ultrasonication physically/mechanically damages these microbial cells causing cell death/injury. Microbial proteins and DNA released from cells into the environment after an ultrasonic treatment was measured and an increase in released microbial proteins and DNA was found to be indicative of a decrease in the number of viable cells, providing that the initial cell concentration was high enough. It was, however, not possible to correlate the concentration of released microbial proteins and DNA with the exact number of viable cells eliminated, rendering it an ineffective quality indicator for the industry. Ultrasonication had no statistically significant influence on the protein, fat and lactose content of both raw and pasteurised milk. The somatic cell count of raw and pasteurised milk was found to decrease after ultrasonication. Unlike with heating, activity of alkaline phosphatase and lactoperoxidase were not reduced by ultrasonication. Hence neither enzyme can be used to indicate a successful ultrasonic treatment of milk. This study has demonstrated that ultrasonication offers a viable alternative to pasteurisation as it is effective in eliminating microbes, and does not alter native milk components. However, to attain a more effective killing, thermo-ultrasonication is recommended for the treatment of milk to be used for the production of different dairy products. Doctoral 2008-02-18T08:04:58Z 2010-06-01T08:14:00Z 2008-02-18T08:04:58Z 2010-06-01T08:14:00Z 2007-12 Thesis http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1163 en University of Stellenbosch 23028312 bytes application/pdf application/pdf Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch |
| spellingShingle | Theses -- Food science Dissertations -- Food science Dairy products -- Contamination Milk contamination Dairy microbiology Ultrasonic waves -- Industrial applications Food Science Cameron, Michelle Impact of low-frequency high-power ultrasound on spoilage and potentially pathogenic dairy microbes |
| title | Impact of low-frequency high-power ultrasound on spoilage and potentially pathogenic dairy microbes |
| title_full | Impact of low-frequency high-power ultrasound on spoilage and potentially pathogenic dairy microbes |
| title_fullStr | Impact of low-frequency high-power ultrasound on spoilage and potentially pathogenic dairy microbes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of low-frequency high-power ultrasound on spoilage and potentially pathogenic dairy microbes |
| title_short | Impact of low-frequency high-power ultrasound on spoilage and potentially pathogenic dairy microbes |
| title_sort | impact of low frequency high power ultrasound on spoilage and potentially pathogenic dairy microbes |
| topic | Theses -- Food science Dissertations -- Food science Dairy products -- Contamination Milk contamination Dairy microbiology Ultrasonic waves -- Industrial applications Food Science |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1163 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cameronmichelle impactoflowfrequencyhighpowerultrasoundonspoilageandpotentiallypathogenicdairymicrobes |