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Chemiese karakterisering van die preorbitale klierafskeiding van die steenbok, Raphicerus campestris, en die rooiduiker, Cephalophus natalensis
Dissertation (PhD) -- Stellenbosch University, 1992.
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | Afrikaans |
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
2012
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| _version_ | 1867613982748049408 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author | Greyling, Jonine |
| author2 | Burger, B. V. |
| author_browse | Burger, B. V. Greyling, Jonine |
| author_facet | Burger, B. V. Greyling, Jonine |
| author_sort | Greyling, Jonine |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | Stellenbosch University |
| description | Dissertation (PhD) -- Stellenbosch University, 1992. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/69528 |
| institution | Stellenbosch University (South Africa) |
| language | Afrikaans |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:44:48.111Z |
| license_str | Other — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateRange | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| publisherStr | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository |
| spelling | oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/69528 Chemiese karakterisering van die preorbitale klierafskeiding van die steenbok, Raphicerus campestris, en die rooiduiker, Cephalophus natalensis Greyling, Jonine Burger, B. V. Schneider, D. F. Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Science. Dept. of Chemistry and Polymer Science. Pheromones Animal communication Red duiker Steenbok Dissertations -- Chemistry Dissertation (PhD) -- Stellenbosch University, 1992. Extensive damage is caused annually to vineyards, orchards and pine plantations by small antelope such as the grey duiker, Sylvicapra grimmia. Since many of these animals are territorial, the idea was mooted that it might be possible to restrict their migration into cultivated areas by using the species-specific pheromones used by these problem animals for territorial marking, provided the composition of their pheromones can be determined and the constituent compounds can be made available in large enough quantities for this purpose. The major constituents of the preorbital secretions of the grysbok, Raphicerus melanotis, and the grey duiker, Sylvicapra grimmia, have been identified in previous studies, but as yet it has proved impossible to develop methods for the biological evaluation of these compounds. It was therefore decided to adopt a chemical image approach i.e. to obtain information on the possible function of constituents of such exocrine secretions by chemical comparison of the structures, stability, volatility, etc., of the constituents of preorbital secretions from related species. The steenbok, Raphicerus campestris, was chosen for comparison with the grysbok, R. melanotis, and the red duiker, Cephalophus natalensis, and zebra duiker, C. zebra, for comparison with the grey duiker, S. grimmia. Several compound classes, some being represented by several members of the respective homologous series, were identified in the preorbital gland secretions of male and female steenbok. The 116 compounds identified, include alkanes (e.g. dodecane), saturated and unsaturated alcohols (e.g. 1-pentadecanol and (E)-2-dodecen-1-ol respectively), saturated and unsaturated aldehydes (e.g. hexanal and (2E,4E)- and (2Z,4Z)-2,4-decadienal), cyclic ketones (e.g. cyclohexadecanone), branched - and straight-chain, as well as saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, (e.g. 2-methylbutanoic acid and (Z)-9-tetradecenoic acid), esters, including the formiate, acetate, and isopropyl series, hydroxyesters including hydroxybutanoates and hydroxyacetates (e.g. 2-hydroxyiso-1-yl acetate and 1-hydroxyiso-2-yl butanoate), the terpenoids limonene and squalene, as well as the steroids cholesterol, desmosterol, lanosterol, and vitamin E. In order to assure that the large number of esters found in the preorbital secretion of the steenbok, are not produced by chemical conversions in the injector of the gas chromatograph a 13C-nmr spectrum of the crude extracted secretion of this animal was recorded. It was found that the acetates and formiates are present in the unprocessed secretion and are therefore produced as such by the animal. A remarkable similarity was found between the compounds present in the preorbital secretions of the steenbok and grysbok, both secretions containing the same or similar long-chain alcohols, esters and fatty acids. No seasonal differences were observed in the qualitative composition of the preorbital gland secretions of male and female steenbok. Furthermore no pronounced quantitative seasonal variations were found apart from the fact that in the steenbok the quantitative ratio of the more volatile compounds to the less volatile compounds in both male and female preorbital secretions apparently increased during the month that the female was in estrus. This tendency was also observed in the red duiker female, but not in the male. Many different compound classes, some represented by several homologous, were identified in the preorbital gland secretions of the red and zebra duikers. These compounds, 80 in the red duiker and 31 in the zebra duiker respectively, include alkanes (e.g. hexadecane), saturated and unsaturated alcohols (e.g. 1-nonanol and (Z)-3-nonen-1-ol respectively), ethers (e.g. 1-methoxy-2-methylpropane), aldehydes (e.g. tridecanal), ketones of the 4- and 6-alkanone series, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (e.g. hexadecanoic acid and (9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid), a variety of esters including isopropylhexadecanoate, alkan-4-olides (e.g. nonan-4-olide), limonene, and compounds containing nitrogen, such as several nitriles as well as 2-isobutyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole and 2-isobutyl-1,3-thiazole. The volatile, gc-detectable compounds appear to be present in the preorbital secretion of the red duiker in extremely low concentrations as not even the major constituents such as, for example, 2-isobutyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole, could be detected by ¹H nmr spectrometry. As these and the other volatile constituents are present in concentrations below the detection limit of the instrument, it was not possible to confirm their presence in the untreated, crude secretion. No seasonal differences were observed in the qualitative composition of preorbital gland secretions of male and female red duikers. Compounds identified in the preorbital gland secretion of the red duiker were compared to those identified in the preorbital gland secretions of the grey, blue and zebra duikers. The red, blue and zebra duikers belong to the genus Cephalophus, whereas the grey duiker belongs to the genus Sylvicapra. The thiazoles, 2-isobutyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole and 2-isobutyl-1,3-thiazole, are present in the preorbital gland secretions of the grey, red and zebra duikers, but not in that of the blue duiker. A number of alkanes and fatty acids are also common to the red, grey and zebra duikers. Furthermore, the compounds types identified in the red and zebra duiker bear a great similarity. On the other hand, the blue duiker's preorbital gland secretion consists mainly of relatively volatile, branched, unsaturated, and cyclic compounds. On chemical grounds the grey, red and zebra duikers should belong to the same genus and the blue duiker to another. It is interesting to note that the blue duiker has recently been renamed from Cephalophus monticola to Philantomba monticola. The grey duiker is at present the only species in the genus Sylvicapra. Doctoral 2012-08-27T12:27:08Z 2012-08-27T12:27:08Z 1992 Thesis http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/69528 af Stellenbosch University 309 pages : ill. application/pdf Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| spellingShingle | Pheromones Animal communication Red duiker Steenbok Dissertations -- Chemistry Greyling, Jonine Chemiese karakterisering van die preorbitale klierafskeiding van die steenbok, Raphicerus campestris, en die rooiduiker, Cephalophus natalensis |
| title | Chemiese karakterisering van die preorbitale klierafskeiding van die steenbok, Raphicerus campestris, en die rooiduiker, Cephalophus natalensis |
| title_full | Chemiese karakterisering van die preorbitale klierafskeiding van die steenbok, Raphicerus campestris, en die rooiduiker, Cephalophus natalensis |
| title_fullStr | Chemiese karakterisering van die preorbitale klierafskeiding van die steenbok, Raphicerus campestris, en die rooiduiker, Cephalophus natalensis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemiese karakterisering van die preorbitale klierafskeiding van die steenbok, Raphicerus campestris, en die rooiduiker, Cephalophus natalensis |
| title_short | Chemiese karakterisering van die preorbitale klierafskeiding van die steenbok, Raphicerus campestris, en die rooiduiker, Cephalophus natalensis |
| title_sort | chemiese karakterisering van die preorbitale klierafskeiding van die steenbok raphicerus campestris en die rooiduiker cephalophus natalensis |
| topic | Pheromones Animal communication Red duiker Steenbok Dissertations -- Chemistry |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/69528 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT greylingjonine chemiesekarakteriseringvandiepreorbitaleklierafskeidingvandiesteenbokraphiceruscampestrisendierooiduikercephalophusnatalensis |